has long been known that the deposit very frequently contains
materials foreign to the Chalk, derived either from the Tertiary rocks
or from overlying drift. In the paper quoted above, Jukes-Browne ably
summarizes the evidence against the view that the deposit is mainly a
Chalk residue, and brings forward a good deal of evidence to show that
many patches of the Clay-with-Flints lie upon the same plane and may be
directly associated with Reading Beds. He concludes "that the material
of the Clay-with-Flints has been chiefly and almost entirely derived
from Eocene clay, with addition of some flints from the Chalk; that its
presence is an indication of the previous existence of Lower Eocene Beds
on the same site and nearly at the same relative level, and,
consequently, that comparatively little Chalk has been removed from
beneath it. Finally, I think that the tracts of Clay-with-Flints have
been much more extensive than they are now" (loc. cit. p. 159).

It is noteworthy that the Clay-with-Flints is developed over an area
which is just beyond the limits of the ice sheets of the Glacial epoch,
and the peculiar conditions of late Pliocene and Pleistocene times;
involving heavy rains, snow and frost, may have had much to do with the
mingling of the Tertiary and Chalky material. Besides the occurrence in
surface patches, Clay-with-Flints is very commonly to be observed
descending in "pipes" often to a considerable depth into the Chalk;
here, if anywhere, the residual chalk portion of the deposit should be
found, and it is surmised that a thin layer of very dark clay with
darkly stained flints, which appears in contact with the sides and
bottom of the pipe, may represent all there is of insoluble residue.

A somewhat similar deposit, a "_conglomerat de silex_" or "_argue a
silex_," occurs at the base of the Eocene on the southern and western
borders of the Paris basin, in the neighbourhood of Chartres, Thimerais
and Sancerrois. (J. A. H.)

CLAZOMENAE (mod. _Kelisman_), an ancient town of Ionia and a member of
the Ionian Dodecapolis (Confederation of Twelve Cities), on the Gulf of
Smyrna, about 20 m. W. of that city. Though not in existence before the
arrival of the Ionians in Asia, its original founders were largely
settlers from Phlius and Cleonae. It stood originally on the isthmus
connecting the mainland with the peninsula on which Erythrae stood; but
the inhabitants, alarmed by the encroachments of the Persians, r