of which the museum Pio-Clementino is a lasting monument.

No pope has been the subject of more diverse judgments than Clement XIV.
Zealous defenders credit him with all virtues, and bless him as the
instrument divinely ordained to restore the peace of the Church;
virulent detractors charge him with ingratitude, cowardice and
double-dealing. The truth is at neither extreme. Clement's was a deeply
religious and poetical nature, animated by a lofty and refined spirit.
Gentleness, equanimity and benevolence were native to him. He cherished
high purposes and obeyed a lively conscience. But he instinctively
shrank from conflict; he lacked the resoluteness and the sterner sort of
courage that grapples with a crisis.

Caraccioli's _Vie de Clement XIV_ (Paris, 1775) (freq. translated), is
incomplete, uncritical and too laudatory. The middle of the 19th
century saw quite a spirited controversy over Clement XIV.; St Priest,
in his _Hist. de la chute des Jesuites_ (Paris, 1846), represented
Clement as lamentably, almost culpably, weak; Cretineau-Joly, in his
_Hist. ... de la Comp. de Jesus_ (Paris, 1844-1845), and his _Clement
XIV et les Jesuites_ (Paris, 1847), was outspoken and bitter in his
condemnation; this provoked Theiner's _Gesch. des Pontificats Clemens'
XIV._ (Leipzig and Paris, 1852), a vigorous defence based upon
original documents to which, as custodian of the Vatican archives, the
author had freest access; Cretineau-Joly replied with _Le Pape Clement
XIV; Lettres au P. Theiner_ (Paris, 1852). Ravignan's _Clem. XIII. e
Clem. XIV._ (Paris, 1854) is a weak, half-hearted apology for Clement
XIV. See also v. Reumont, _Ganganelli, Papst Clemens XIV._ (Berlin,
1847); and Reinerding, _Clemens XIV. u. d. Aufhebung der Gesellschaft
Jesu_ (Augsburg, 1854). The letters of Clement have frequently been
printed; the genuineness of Caraccioli's collection (Paris, 1776;
freq. translated) has been questioned, but most of the letters are now
generally accepted as genuine; see also _Clementis XIV. Epp. ac
Brevia_, ed. Theiner (Paris, 1852). An extended bibliography is to be
found in Hergenroether, _Allg. Kirchengesch._ (1880), iii. 510 seq.
(T. F. C.)

CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (_Clemens Alexandrinus_), Greek Father of the
Church. The little we know of him is mainly derived from his own works.
He was probably born about A.D. 150 of heathen parents in Athens. The
earliest writer after