the literature on Cleon see C.F. Hermann, _Lehrbuch
der griechischen Antiquitaeten_, i. pt. 2 (6th ed. by V. Thumser,
1892), p. 709, and G. Busolt, _Griechische Geschichte_, iii. pt. 2
(1904), p. 988, note 3. The following are the chief authorities:--(a)
_Favourable to Cleon_.--C.F. Ranke, _Commentatio de Vita Aristophanis_
(Leipzig, 1845); J.G. Droysen, _Aristophanes_, ii., introd. to the
_Knights_ (Berlin, 1837); G. Grote, _Hist. of Greece_, chs. 50, 54; W.
Oncken, _Athen und Hellas_, ii. p. 204 (Leipzig, 1866); H.
Mueller-Struebing, _Aristophanes und die historische Kritik_ (Leipzig,
1873); J.B. Bury, _Hist. of Greece_, i. (1902). (b)
_Unfavourable_.--J.F. Kortuem, _Geschichtliche Forschungen_ (Leipzig,
1863), and _Zur Geschichte hellenischen Staatsverfassungen_
(Heidelberg, 1821); F. Passow, _Vermischte Schriften_ (Leipzig,
1843); C. Thirlwall, _Hist. of Greece_, ch. 21; E. Curtius, _Hist. of
Greece_ (Eng. tr.) iii. p. 112; J. Schvarcz, _Die Demokratie_ (Leipzig,
1882); H. Delbrueck, _Die Strategie des Perikles_ (Berlin, 1890); E.
Meyer, _Forschungen zur alten Geschichte_, ii. p. 333 (Halle, 1899).
The balance between the two extreme views is fairly held by J. Beloch,
_Die attische Politik seit Perikles_ (Leipzig, 1884), and _Griechische
Geschichte_, i. p. 537; and by A. Holm, _Hist. of Greece_, ii. (Eng.
tr.), ch. 23, with the notes.

CLEOPATRA, the regular name of the queens of Egypt in the Ptolemaic
dynasty after Cleopatra, daughter of the Seleucid Antiochus the Great,
wife of Ptolemy V., Epiphanes. The best known was the daughter of
Ptolemy XIII. Auletes, born 69 (or 68) B.C. At the age of seventeen she
became queen of Egypt jointly with her younger brother Ptolemy Dionysus,
whose wife, in accordance with Egyptian custom, she was to become. A few
years afterwards, deprived of all royal authority, she withdrew into
Syria, and made preparation to recover her rights by force of arms. At
this juncture Julius Caesar followed Pompey into Egypt. The personal
fascinations of Cleopatra induced him to undertake a war on her behalf,
in which Ptolemy lost his life, and she was replaced on the throne in
conjunction with a younger brother, of whom, however, she soon rid
herself by poison. In Rome she lived openly with Caesar as his mistress
until his assassination, when, aware of her unpopularity, she returned
at once to Egypt. Subsequently she became the ally and mistress of Mark