niture, &c.),
dating from the early 6th century, had separate currency long before the
9th century, when they were incorporated in the _Decretals_ by the
forger who raised the Clementine epistles to five (see Lightfoot,
_Clement_, i. 414 ff.).

(3)[b] _The "Homilies" and "Recognitions_"--"The two chief extant
Clementine writings, differing considerably in some respects in
doctrine, are both evidently the outcome of a peculiar speculative type
of Judaistic Christianity, for which the most characteristic name of
Christ was 'the true Prophet.' The framework of both is a narrative
purporting to be written by Clement (of Rome) to St James, the Lord's
brother, describing at the beginning his own conversion and the
circumstances of his first acquaintance with St Peter, and then a long
succession of incidents accompanying St Peter's discourses and
disputations, leading up to a romantic recognition of Clement's father,
mother and two brothers, from whom he had been separated since
childhood. The problems discussed under this fictitious guise are with
rare exceptions fundamental problems for every age; and, whatever may be
thought of the positions maintained, the discussions are hardly ever
feeble or trivial. Regarded simply as mirroring the past, few, if any,
remains of Christian antiquity present us with so vivid a picture of the
working of men's minds under the influence of the new leaven which had
entered into the world" (Hort, _Clem. Recog._, p. xiv.).

The indispensable preliminary to a really historic view of these
writings is some solution of the problem of their mutual relations. The
older criticism assumed a dependence of one upon the other, and assigned
one or both to the latter part of the 2nd century. Recent criticism,
however, builds on the principle, which emerges alike from the external
and internal evidence (see Salmon in the _Dict. of Christian
Biography_), that both used a common basis. Our main task, then, is to
define the nature, origin and date of the parent document, and if
possible its own literary antecedents. Towards the solution of this
problem two contributions of prime importance have recently been made.
The earlier of these is by F.J.A. Hort, and was delivered in the form of
lectures as far back as 1884, though issued posthumously only in 1901;
the other is the elaborate monograph of Dr Hans Waitz (1904).

_Criticism._--(i.) _External Evidence as to the Clementine Romance._ The
evidence of ancient