strong, _Charles the Fifth_ (2 vols., London, 1902); M. Creighton,
_Hist. of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation_ (London,
1882); and H.M. Vaughan, _The Medici Popes_ (1908). Further references
will be found in Herzog-Hauck, _Realencyklopaedie, s. Clemens VII_. See
also _Cambridge Modern History_, vol. ii. chap. i. and bibliography.
(W. A. P.)

CLEMENT VIII. (Aegidius Munoz), antipope from 1425 to the 26th of July
1429, was a canon at Barcelona until elected at Peniscola by three
cardinals whom the stubborn antipope Benedict XIII. had named on his
death-bed. Clement was immediately recognized by Alphonso V. of Aragon,
who was hostile to Pope Martin V. on account of the latter's opposition
to his claims to the kingdom of Naples, but abdicated as soon as an
agreement was reached between Alphonso and Martin through the exertions
of Cardinal Pierre de Foix, an able diplomat and relation of the king's.
Clement spent his last years as bishop of Majorca, and died on the 28th
of December 1446.

See. L. Pastor, _History of the Popes_, vol. i. trans, by F.I.
Antrobus (London, 1899); M. Creighton, _History of the Papacy_, vol.
ii. (London, 1899); and consult bibliography on MARTIN V. (C.H.HA.)

CLEMENT VIII. (Ippolito Aldobrandini), pope from 1592 to 1605, was born
at Fano, in 1535. He became a jurist and filled several important
offices. In 1585 he was made a cardinal, and subsequently discharged a
delicate mission to Poland with skill. His moderation and experience
commended him to his fellow cardinals, and on the 30th of January 1592
he was elected pope, to succeed Innocent IX. While not hostile to Philip
II., Clement desired to emancipate the papacy from undue Spanish
influence, and to that end cultivated closer relations with France. In
1595 he granted absolution to Henry IV., and so removed the last
objection to the acknowledgment of his legitimacy. The peace of Vervins
(1598), which marked the end of Philip's opposition to Henry, was mainly
the work of the pope. Clement also entertained hopes of recovering
England. He corresponded with James I. and with his queen, Anne of
Denmark, a convert to Catholicism. But James was only half in earnest,
and, besides, dared not risk a breach with his subjects. Upon the
failure of the line of Este, Clement claimed the reversion of Ferrara
and reincorporated it into the States of the Church (1598). He
remonstrated against the exclusion of the Jesuits f