h Lutheranism. On the 6th of
December Clement escaped, before the day fixed for his liberation, to
Orvieto, and at once set to work to establish peace. After the signature
of the treaty of Cambrai on the 3rd of August 1529 Charles met Clement
at Bologna and received from him the imperial crown and the iron crown
of Lombardy. The pope was now restored to the greater part of his
temporal power; but for some years it was exercised in subservience to
the emperor. During this period Clement was mainly occupied in urging
Charles to arrest the progress of the Reformation in Germany and in
efforts to elude the emperor's demand for a general council, which
Clement feared lest the question of the mode of his election and his
legitimacy should be raised. It was due to his dependence on Charles V.,
rather than to any conscientious scruples, that Clement evaded Henry
VIII.'s demand for the nullification of his marriage with Catherine of
Aragon, and so brought about the breach between England and Rome. Some
time before his death, however, the dynastic interests of his family led
him once more to a rapprochement with France. On the 9th of June 1531 an
agreement was signed for the marriage of Henry of Orleans with
Catherine de' Medici; but it was not till October 1533 that Clement met
Francis at Marseilles, the wedding being celebrated on the 27th. Before,
however, the new political alliance, thus cemented, could take effect,
Clement died, on the 25th of September 1534.

See E. Casanova, _Lettere di Carlo V. a Clemente VII._ (Florence,
1893); Hugo Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana_, &c (Freiburg, 1861); P.
Balan, _Monumenta saeculi XVI. hist. illustr._ (Innsbruck, 1885); ib.
_Mon. Reform. Luther_ (Regensburg, 1884); Stefan Ehses, _Roem. Dokum.
z. Gesch. der Ehescheidung Heinrichs VIII._ (Paderborn, 1893);
_Calendar of State Papers_ (London, 1869, &c.); J.J.I. von Doellinger,
_Beitraege zur politischen, kirchlichen und Kulturgeschichte_ (3 vols.,
Vienna, 1882); F. Guicciardini, _Istoria d'Italia_; L. von Ranke, _Die
roemischen Paepste in den letzten vier Jahrhunderten_, and _Deutsche
Gesch. im Zeitalter der Reformation_; W. Hellwig, _Die politischen
Beziehungen Clements VII. zu Karl V., 1526_ (Leipzig, 1889); H.
Baumgarten, _Gesch. Karls V._ (Stuttgart, 1888); F. Gregorovius,
_Geschichte der Stadt Rom_, vol. viii. p. 414. (2nd ed., 1874); P.
Balan, _Clemente VII. e l' Italia de' suoi tempi_ (Milan, 1887); E.
Arm