u. Thaten Clementis XI._ (Frankfort, 1720-1721). See also
_Clementis XI. Opera Omnia_ (Frankfort, 1729); the detailed "Studii
sul pontificato di Clem. XI.," by Pometti in the _Archivio della R.
Soc. romana di storia patria_, vols. 21, 22, 23 (1898-1900), and the
extended bibliography in Hergenroether, _Allg. Kirchengesch._ (1880),
iii. 506. (T. F. C.)

CLEMENT XII. (Lorenzo Corsini), pope from 1730 to 1740, succeeded
Benedict XIII. on the 12th of July 1730, at the age of seventy-eight.
The rascally Cardinal Coscia, who had deluded Benedict, was at once
brought to justice and forced to disgorge his dishonest gains.
Politically the papacy had sunk to the level of pitiful helplessness,
unable to resist the aggressions of the Powers, who ignored or coerced
it at will. Yet Clement entertained high hopes for Catholicism; he
laboured for a union with the Greek Church, and was ready to facilitate
the return of the Protestants of Saxony. He deserves well of posterity
for his services to learning and art; the restoration of the Arch of
Constantine; the enrichment of the Capitoline museum with antique
marbles and inscriptions, and of the Vatican library With oriental
manuscripts (see ASSEMANI); and the embellishment of the city with many
buildings. He died on the 6th of February 1740, and was succeeded by
Benedict XIV.

See Guarnacci, _Vitae et res gestae Pontiff. Rom._ (Rome, 1751);
Sandini, _Vitae Pontiff. Rom._ (Padua, 1739); Fabroni, _De Vita et
Reb. Gest. Clementis XII_. (Rome, 1760); Ranke, _Popes_ (Eng. trans.
Austin), iii. 191 seq.; v. Reumont, _Gesch. der Stadt Rom_, iii. 2,
653 seq. (T.F.C.)

CLEMENT XIII. (Carlo della Torre Rezzonico), pope from 1758 to 1769, was
born in Venice, on the 7th of March 1693, filled various important posts
in the Curia, became cardinal in 1737, bishop of Padua in 1743, and
succeeded Benedict XIV. as pope on the 6th of July 1758. He was a man of
upright, moderate and pacific intentions, but his pontificate of eleven
years was anything but tranquil. The Jesuits had fallen upon evil days;
in 1758 Pombal expelled them from Portugal; his example was followed by
the Bourbon countries--France, Spain, the Two Sicilies and Parma
(1764-1768). The order turned to the pope as its natural protector; but
his protests (cf. the bull _Apostolicum pascendi munus_, 7th of January
1765) were unheeded (see JESUITS). A clash with Parma occurred to
aggravate his troubles. The Bourbon