in disputes with the resident
ambassadors, and incurred the enmity of Louis XIV., thus provoking the
long controversy over the regalia (see INNOCENT XI.). Clement died on
the 22nd of July 1676.

See Guarnacci, _Vitae et res gestae Pontiff. Rom._ (Rome, 1751),
(contin. of Ciaconius), i. 1 seq.; Palazzi, _Gesta Pontiff. Rom._
(Venice, 1687-1688), iv. 655 seq.; and Ranke, _Popes_ (Eng. trans.
Austin), iii. 172 seq. (T.F.C.)

CLEMENT XI (Giovanni Francesco Albani), pope from 1700 to 1721, was born
in Urbino, on the 22nd of July 1649, received an extraordinary education
in letters, theology and law, filled various important offices in the
Curia, and finally, on the 23rd of November 1700, succeeded Innocent
XII. as pope. His private life and his administration were blameless,
but it was his misfortune to reign in troublous times. In the war of the
Spanish Succession he would willingly have remained neutral, but found
himself between two fires, forced first to recognize Philip V., then
driven by the emperor to recognize the Archduke Charles. In the peace of
Utrecht he was ignored; Sardinia and Sicily, Parma and Piacenza, were
disposed of without regard to papal claims. When he quarrelled with the
duke of Savoy, and revoked his investiture rights in Sicily (1715), his
interdict was treated with contempt. The prestige of the papacy had
hardly been lower within two centuries. About 1702 the Jansenist
controversy broke out afresh. Clement reaffirmed the infallibility of
the pope, in matters of _fact_ (1705), and, in 1713, issued the bull
_Unigenitus_, condemning 101 Jansenistic propositions extracted from the
_Moral Reflections_ of Pasquier Quesnel. The rejection of this bull by
certain bishops led to a new party division and a further prolonging of
the controversy (see JANSENISM and QUESNEL, PASQUIER). Clement also
forbade the practice of the Jesuit missionaries in China of
"accommodating" their teachings to pagan notions or customs, in order to
win converts. Clement was a polished writer, and a generous patron of
art and letters. He died on the 19th of March 1721.

For contemporary lives see Elci, _The Present State of the Court of
Rome_, trans, from the Ital. (London, 1706); Polidoro, _De Vita et
Reb. Gest. Clem. XI._ (Urbino, 1727); Reboulet, _Hist. de Clem. XI.
Pape_ (Avignon, 1752); Guarnacci, _Vitae et res gest. Pontiff. Rom._
(Rome, 1751); Sandini, _Vitae Pontiff Rom._ (Padua, 1739); Buder,
_Leben