t, that he is not
troubled by vomiting or diarrhoea, and that the hare-lip is not
associated with a defective palate, the sooner it is operated on the
better. It may be successfully done even within a few hours of birth.
When a hare-lip is unassociated with cleft palate, the infant may
possibly be enabled to take the breast within a short time of the gap
being closed. In such a case the operation may be advisably undertaken
within the first few days of birth. The case being suitable, the
operation may be conveniently undertaken at any time after the tenth
day. (E. O.*)

CLEISTHENES, the name of two Greek statesmen, (1) of Athens, (2) of
Sicyon, of whom the first is far the more important.

1. CLEISTHENES, the Athenian statesman, was the son of Megacles and
Agariste, daughter of Cleisthenes of Sicyon. He thus belonged, through
his father, to the noble family of the Alcmaeonidae (q.v.), who bore
upon them the curse of the Cylonian massacre, and had been in exile
during the rule of the Peisistratids. In the hope of washing out the
stigma, which damaged their prestige, they spent the latter part of
their exile in carrying out with great splendour the contract given out
by the Amphictyons for the rebuilding of the temple at Delphi (destroyed
by fire in 548 B.C.). By building the pronaos of Parian marble instead
of limestone as specified in the contract, they acquired a high
reputation for piety; the curse was consigned to oblivion, and their
reinstatement was imposed by the oracle itself upon the Spartan king,
Cleomenes (q.v.). Cleisthenes, to whom this far-seeing atonement must
probably be attributed, had also on his side (1) the malcontents in
Athens who were disgusted with the growing severity of Hippias, and (2)
the oligarchs of Sparta, partly on religious grounds, and partly owing
to their hatred of tyranny. Aristotle's _Constitution of Athens_,
however, treats the alliance of the Peisistratids with Argos, the rival
of Sparta in the Peloponnese, as the chief ground for the action of
Sparta (_c._ 19). In _c._ 513 B.C. Cleisthenes invaded Attica, but was
defeated by the tyrant's mercenaries at Leipsydrium (S. of Mt. Parnes).
Sparta then, in tardy obedience to the oracle, threw off her alliance
with the Peisistratids, and, after one failure, expelled Hippias in
511-510 B.C., leaving Athens once again at the mercy of the powerful
families.

Home and foreign policy.

Cleisthenes, on his return, was in a d