's _Realencyklopaedie_,
vol. iv. (A. J. G.; J. A. R.)

CLEMENT II. (Suidger) became pope on the 25th of December 1046. He
belonged to a noble Saxon family, was bishop of Bamberg, and chancellor
to the emperor Henry III., to whom he was indebted for his elevation to
the papacy upon the abdication of Gregory VI. He was the first pope
placed on the throne by the power of the German emperors, but his short
pontificate was only signalized by the convocation of a council in which
decrees were enacted against simony. He died on the 9th of October 1047,
and was buried at Bamberg. (L. D.*)

CLEMENT III. (Paolo Scolari), pope from 1187 to 1191, a Roman, was made
cardinal bishop of Palestrina by Alexander III. in 1180 or 1181. On the
19th of December 1187 he was chosen at Pisa to succeed Gregory VIII. On
the 31st of May 1188 he concluded a treaty with the Romans which removed
difficulties of long standing, and in April 1189 he made peace with the
emperor Frederick I. Barbarossa. He settled a controversy with William
of Scotland concerning the choice of the archbishop of St Andrews, and
on the 13th of March 1188 removed the Scottish church from under the
legatine jurisdiction of the archbishop of York, thus making it
independent of all save Rome. In spite of his conciliatory policy,
Clement angered Henry VI. of Germany by bestowing Sicily on Tancred. The
crisis was acute when the pope died, probably in the latter part of
March 1191.

See "Epistolae et Privilegia," in J.P. Migne, _Patrologiae cursus
completes_, tom. 204 (Paris, 1853), 1253 ff.; additional material in
_Neues Archiv fuer die aeltere deutsche Geschichtskunde_, 2. 219; 6.
293; 14. 178-182; P. Jaffe, _Regesta Pontificum Romanorum_, tom. 2
(2nd edition, Leipzig, 1888), 535 ff. (W. W. R.*)

CLEMENT IV. (Gui Foulques), pope from 1265 to 1268, son of a successful
lawyer and judge, was born at St Gilles-sur-Rhone. He studied law, and
became a valued adviser of Louis IX. of France. He married, and was the
father of two daughters, but after the death of his wife took orders. In
1257 he became bishop of Le Puy; in 1259 he was elected archbishop of
Narbonne; and on the 24th of December 1261 Urban IV. created him
cardinal bishop of Sabina. He was appointed legate in England on the
22nd of November 1263, and before his return was elected pope at Perugia
on the 5th of February 1265. On the 26th of February he invested Charles
of Anjou with the kingdom