ted Angevin domination in the south of the Italian peninsula, and
their most decisive result was the assuring of Provence to the dukes of
Anjou and afterwards to the kings of France. After the death of Louis,
Clement hoped to find equally brave and interested champions in Louis'
son and namesake; in Louis of Orleans, the brother of Charles VI.; in
Charles VI. himself; and in John III., count of Armagnac. The prospect
of his briliant progress to Rome was ever before his eyes; and in his
thoughts force of arms, of French arms, was to be the instrument of his
glorious triumph over his competitor.

There came a time, however, when Clement and more particularly his
following had to acknowledge the vanity of these illusive dreams; and
before his death, which took place on the 16th of September 1394, he
realized the impossibility of overcoming by brute force an opposition
which was founded on the convictions of the greater part of Catholic
Europe, and discerned among his adherents the germs of disaffection. By
his vast expenditure, ascribable not only to his wars in Italy, his
incessant embassies, and the necessity of defending himself in the
Comtat Venaissin against the incursions of the adventurous Raymond of
Turenne, but also to his luxurious tastes and princely habits, as well
as by his persistent refusal to refer the question of the schism to a
council, he incurred general reproach. Unity was the crying need; and
men began to fasten upon him the responsibility of the hateful schism,
not on the score of insincerity--which would have been very unjust,--but
by reason of his obstinate persistence in the course he had chosen.

See N. Valois, _La France el le grand schisme d'occident_ (Paris,
1896). (N.V.)

CLEMENT VII. (Giulio de' Medici), pope from 1523 to 1534, was the son of
Giuliano de' Medici, assassinated in the conspiracy of the Pazzi at
Florence, and of a certain Fioretta, daughter of Antonia. Being left an
orphan he was taken into his own house by Lorenzo the Magnificent and
educated with his sons. In 1494 Giulio went with them into exile; but,
on Giovanni's restoration to power, returned to Florence, of which he
was made archbishop by his cousin Pope Leo X., a special dispensation
being granted on account of his illegitimate birth, followed by a formal
declaration of the fact that his parents had been secretly married and
that he was therefore legitimate. On the 23rd of September 1513 the pope
conferred on hi