f the Prytaneum. A further change
which followed from the new tribal system was the reconstitution of the
army; this, however, probably took place about 501 B.C., and cannot be
attributed directly to Cleisthenes. It has been said that the deme
became the local political unit, replacing the naucrary (q.v.). But the
naucraries still supplied the fleet, and were increased in number from
forty-eight to fifty; if each naucrary still supplied a ship and two
mounted soldiers as before, it is interesting to learn that, only
seventy years before the Peloponnesian War, Athens had but fifty ships
and a hundred horse.[6]

The device of ostracism is the final stone in the Cleisthenean
structure. An admirable scheme in theory, and, at first, in practice, it
deteriorated in the 5th century into a mere party weapon, and in the
case of Hyperbolus (417) became an absurdity.

Summary.

In conclusion it should be noticed that Cleisthenes was the founder of
the Athens which we know. To him was due the spirit of nationality, the
principle of liberty duly apportioned and controlled by centralized and
decentralized administration, which prepared the ground for the rich
developments of the Golden Age with its triumphs of art and literature,
politics and philosophy. It was Cleisthenes who organized the structure
which, for a long time, bore the heavy burden of the Empire against
impossible odds, the structure which the very different genius of
Pericles was able to beautify. He was the first to appreciate the unique
power in politics, literature and society of an organized public
opinion.

AUTHORITIES.--_Ancient:_ Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_ (ed. J.E.
Sandys), cc. 20-22, 41; Herodotus v, 63-73, vi. 131; Aristotle,
_Politics_, iii. 2, 3 (= 1275 b, for franchise reforms). _Modern:_
Histories of Greece in general, especially those of Grote and Curtius
(which, of course, lack the information contained in the _Constitution
of Athens_), and J.B. Bury. See also E. Meyer, _Geschichte des
Altertums_ (vol. ii.); G. Busolt, _Griech. Gesch._ (2nd ed., 1893
foll.); Milchhoefer, "Ueber die Demenordnung des Kleisthenes" in
appendix to _Abhandlung d. Berl. Akad._ (1892); R. Loeper in _Athen.
Mitteil._ (1892), pp. 319-433; A.H.J. Greenidge, _Handbook of Greek
Constitutional History_ (1896); Gilbert, _Greek Constitutional
Antiquities_ (Eng. trans., 1895); R.W. Macan, _Herodotus iv.-vi._,
vol. ii. (1895), pp. 127-148; U. v