tence of the human soul; he held that
the degree of its vitality after death depends upon the degree of its
vitality in this life. The principal fragments of Cleanthes's works are
contained in Diogenes Laertius and Stobaeus; some may be found in Cicero
and Seneca.

See G.C. Mohinke, _Kleanthes der Stoiker_ (Greifswald, 1814); C.
Wachsmuth, _Commentationes de Zenone Citiensi et Cleanthe Assio_
(Goettingen, 1874-1875); A.C. Pearson, _Fragments of Zeno and
Cleanthes_ (Camb., 1891); article by E. Wellmann in Ersch and Gruber's
_Allgemeine Encyklopaedie_; R. Hirzel, _Untersuchungen zu Ciceros
philosophischen Schriften_, ii. (1882), containing a vindication of
the originality of Cleanthes; A.B. Krische, _Forschungen auf dem
Gebiete der alten Philosophie_ (1840); also works quoted under STOICS.

CLEARCHUS, the son of Rhamphias, a Spartan general and condottiere. Born
about the middle of the 5th century B.C., Clearchus was sent with a
fleet to the Hellespont in 411 and became governor ([Greek: harmostes])
of Byzantium, of which town he was _proxenus_. His severity, however,
made him unpopular, and in his absence the gates were opened to the
Athenian besieging army under Alcibiades (409). Subsequently appointed
by the ephors to settle the political dissensions then rife at Byzantium
and to protect the city and the neighbouring Greek colonies from
Thracian attacks, he made himself tyrant of Byzantium, and, when
declared an outlaw and driven thence by a Spartan force, he fled to
Cyrus. In the "expedition of the ten thousand" undertaken by Cyrus to
dethrone his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, Clearchus led the
Peloponnesians, who formed the right wing of Cyrus's army at the battle
of Cunaxa (401). On Cyrus's death Clearchus assumed the chief command
and conducted the retreat, until, being treacherously seized with his
fellow-generals by Tissaphernes, he was handed over to Artaxerxes and
executed (Thuc. viii. 8. 39, 80; Xen. _Hellenica_, i. 3. 15-19;
_Anabasis_, i. ii.; Diodorus xiv. 12. 19-26). In character he was a
typical product of the Spartan educational system. He was a warrior to
the finger-tips ([Greek: polemikos kai philopolemos eschatos]. Xen.
_Anab._ ii. 6. 1), and his tireless energy, unfaltering courage and
strategic ability made him an officer of no mean order. But he seems to
have had no redeeming touch of refinement or humanity.

CLEARFIELD, a borough and the county-seat of Clearfield county,