emoved
to one of the small islands of the bay, and there established their
city. This island was connected with the mainland by Alexander the Great
by means of a pier, the remains of which are still visible. During the
5th century it was for some time subject to the Athenians, but about the
middle of the Peloponnesian war (412 B.C.) it revolted. After a brief
resistance, however, it again acknowledged the Athenian supremacy, and
repelled a Lacedaemonian attack. Under the Romans Clazomenae was
included in the province of Asia, and enjoyed an immunity from taxation.
The site can still be made out, in the neighbourhood of Vourla, but
nearly every portion of its ruins has been removed. It was the
birthplace of the philosopher Anaxagoras. It is famous for its painted
terra-cotta sarcophagi, which are the finest monuments of Ionian
painting in the 6th century B.C. (E. GR.)

CLEANTHES (c. 301-232 or 252 B.C.), Stoic philosopher, born at Assos in
the Troad, was originally a boxer. With but four drachmae in his
possession he came to Athens, where he listened first to the lectures of
Crates the Cynic, and then to those of Zeno, the Stoic, supporting
himself meanwhile by working all night as water-carrier to a gardener
(hence his nickname [Greek: phrehantles]). His power of patient
endurance, or perhaps his slowness, earned him the title of "the Ass";
but such was the esteem awakened by his high moral qualities that, on
the death of Zeno in 263, he became the leader of the school. He
continued, however, to support himself by the labour of his own hands.
Among his pupils were his successor, Chrysippus, and Antigonus, king of
Macedon, from whom he accepted 2000 minae. The manner of his death was
characteristic. A dangerous ulcer had compelled him to fast for a time.
Subsequently he continued his abstinence, saying that, as he was already
half-way on the road to death, he would not trouble to retrace his
steps.

Cleanthes produced very little that was original, though he wrote some
fifty works, of which fragments have come down to us. The principal is
the large portion of the _Hymn to Zeus_ which has been preserved in
Stobaeus. He regarded the sun as the abode of God, the intelligent
providence, or (in accordance with Stoical materialism) the vivifying
fire or aether of the universe. Virtue, he taught, is life according to
nature; but pleasure is not according to nature. He originated a new
theory as to the individual exis