e history of the clavicytherium considered as a forerunner of
the pianoforte see PIANOFORTE. (K. S.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Mersenne, _Harmonie universelle_ (Paris, 1636), p. 113, calls the
clavicytherium "une nouvelle forme d'epinette dont on use en Italie,"
and states that the action of the jacks and levers is parallel from
back to front.

[2] _Musica getutscht und auszgezogen_ (Basel, 1511).

[3] See "Une Piece unique du Musee Kraus de Florence" in _Annales de
l'alliance scientifique universelle_ (Paris, 1907).

[4] See illustration by William Gibb in A.J. Hipkins's _Musical
Instruments, Historic, Rare and Unique_ (1888).

[5] _History of the Pianoforte_, Novello's Music Primers, No. 52
(1896), p. 75.

[6] _L'Antica Musica ridotta moderna prattica_ (Rome, 1555).

CLAVIE, BURNING THE, an ancient Scottish custom still observed at
Burghead, a fishing village on the Moray Firth, near Forres. The
"clavie" is a bonfire of casks split in two, lighted on the 12th of
January, corresponding to the New Year of the old calendar. One of these
casks is joined together again by a huge nail (Lat. _clavus_; hence the
term). It is then filled with tar, lighted and carried flaming round the
village and finally up to a headland upon which stands the ruins of a
Roman altar, locally called "the Douro." It here forms the nucleus of
the bonfire, which is built up of split casks. When the burning
tar-barrel falls in pieces, the people scramble to get a lighted piece
with which to kindle the New Year's fire on their cottage hearth. The
charcoal of the clavie is collected and is put in pieces up the cottage
chimneys, to keep spirits and witches from coming down.

CLAVIERE, ETIENNE (1735-1793), French financier and politician, was a
native of Geneva. As one of the democratic leaders there he was obliged
in 1782 to take refuge in England, upon the armed interference of
France, Sardinia and Berne in favour of the aristocratic party. There he
met other Swiss, among them Marat and Etienne Dumont, but their schemes
for a new Geneva in Ireland--which the government favoured--were given
up when Necker came to power in France, and Claviere, with most of his
comrades, went to Paris. There in 1789 he and Dumont allied themselves
with Mirabeau, secretly collaborating for him on the _Courrier de
Provence_ and also in preparing the speeches which Mirabeau delivered as
his own. It was mainly by his u