subsequently (1651), in consequence of the jealousy of his
colleagues, accepted an invitation to a similar post at Duisburg, where
he died on the 31st of January 1665. Clauberg was one of the earliest
teachers of the new doctrines in Germany and an exact and methodical
commentator on his master's writings. His theory of the connexion
between the soul and the body is in some respects analogous to that of
Malebranche; but he is not therefore to be regarded as a true forerunner
of Occasionalism, as he uses "Occasion" for the stimulus which directly
produces a mental phenomenon, without postulating the intervention of
God (H. Mueller, _J. Clauberg und seine Stellung im Cartesianismus_).
His view of the relation of God to his creatures is held to foreshadow
the pantheism of Spinoza. All creatures exist only through the
continuous creative energy of the Divine Being, and are no more
independent of his will than are our thoughts independent of us,--or
rather less, for there are thoughts which force themselves upon us
whether we will or not. For metaphysics Clauberg suggested the names
_ontosophy_ or _ontology_, the latter being afterwards adopted by Wolff.
He also devoted considerable attention to the German languages, and his
researches in this direction attracted the favourable notice of
Leibnitz. His chief works are: _De conjunctione animae et corporis
humani_; _Exercitationes centum de cognitione Dei et nostri_; _Logica
vetus et nova_; _Initiatio philosophi, seu Dubitatio Cartesiana_; a
commentary on Descartes' _Meditations_; and _Ars etymologica Teutonum_.

A collected edition of his philosophical works was published at
Amsterdam (1691), with life by H.C. Hennin; see also E. Zeller,
_Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie seit Leibnitz_ (1873).

CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687), French Protestant divine, was born at La
Sauvetat-du-Dropt near Agen. After studying at Montauban, he entered the
ministry in 1645. He was for eight years professor of theology in the
Protestant college of Nimes; but in 1661, having successfully opposed a
scheme for re-uniting Catholics and Protestants, he was forbidden to
preach in Lower Languedoc. In 1662 he obtained a post at Montauban
similar to that which he had lost; but after four years he was removed
from this also. He next became pastor at Charenton near Paris, where he
engaged in controversies with Pierre Nicole (_Reponse aux deux traites
intitules la perpetuite de la foi_, 1665), Ant