ther
curious than valuable. The science of the body was Somatology, that of
the mind Pneumatology. The former include Posology (science of quantity,
mathematics) and Poiology (science of quality); Posology includes
Morphoscopic (geometry) and Alegomorphic(arithmetic). See further
Bentham's _Chrestomathia_ and works quoted under BENTHAM, JEREMY.

Carl Wundt criticized most of these systems as taking too little account
of the real facts, and preferred a classification based on the
standpoint of the various sciences towards their subject-matter. His
system may, therefore, be described as conceptional. It distinguishes
philosophy, which deals with facts in their widest universal relations,
from the special sciences, which consider facts in the light of a
particular relation or set of relations.

All these systems have a certain value, and are interesting as throwing
light on the views of those who invented them. It will be seen, however,
that none can lay claim to unique validity. The _fundamenta divisionis_,
though in themselves more or less logical, are quite arbitrarily chosen,
generally as being germane to a preconceived philosophical or scientific
theory.

CLASTIDIUM (mod. _Casteggio_), a village of the Anamares, in Gallia
Cispadana, on the Via Postumia, 5 m. E. of Iria (mod. _Voghera_) and 31
m. W. of Placentia. Here in 222 B.C. M. Claudius Marcellus defeated the
Gauls and won the _spolia opima_; in 218 Hannibal took it and its stores
of corn by treachery. It never had an independent government, and not
later than 190 B.C. was made part of the colony of Placentia (founded
219). In the Augustan division of Italy, however, Placentia belonged to
the 8th region, Aemilia, whereas Iria certainly, and Clastidium
possibly, belonged to the 9th, Liguria (see Th. Mommsen in _Corp.
Inscrip. Lat._ vol. v. Berlin, 1877, p. 828). The remains visible at
Clastidium are scanty; there is a fountain (the Fontana d'Annibale), and
a Roman bridge, which seems to have been constructed of tiles, not of
stone, was discovered in 1857, but destroyed.

See C. Giulietti, _Casteggio, notizie storiche II. Avanzi di
antichita_ (Voghera, 1893).

CLAUBERG, JOHANN (1622-1665), German philosopher, was born at Solingen,
in Westphalia, on the 24th of February 1622. After travelling in France
and England, he studied the Cartesian philosophy under John Raey at
Leiden. He became (1649) professor of philosophy and theology at
Herborn, but