an diet down to 1825.

The English and Dutch period.

2. During the 18th century the classical scholarship of the Netherlands
was under the healthy and stimulating influence of Bentley (1662-1742),
who marks the beginning of the English and Dutch period, mainly
represented in Holland by Bentley's younger contemporary and
correspondent, Tiberius Hemsterhuys (1685-1766), and the latter
scholar's great pupil David Ruhnken (1723-1798). It is the age of
historical and literary, as well as verbal, criticism. Both of these
were ably represented in the first half of the century by Bentley
himself, while, in the twenty years between 1782 and 1803, the verbal
criticism of the tragic poets of Athens was the peculiar province of
Richard Porson (1759-1808), who was born in the same year as F.A. Wolf.
Among other representatives of England were Jeremiah Markland and
Jonathan Toup, Thomas Tyrwhitt and Thomas Twining, Samuel Parr and Sir
William Jones; and of the Netherlands, the two Burmanns and L. Kuester,
Arnold Drakenborch and Wesseling, Lodewyk Valckenaer and Daniel
Wyttenbach (1746-1829). Germany is represented by Fabricius and J.M.
Gesner, J.A. Ernesti and J.J. Reiske, J.J. Winckelmann and Chr. G.
Heyne; France by B. de Montfaucon and J.B.G.D. Villoison; Alsace by
French subjects of German origin, R.F.P. Brunck and J. Schweighaeuser;
and Italy by E. Forcellini and Ed. Corsini.

The German period.

3. The _German_ period begins with F.A. Wolf (1759-1824), whose
_Prolegomena_ to Homer appeared in 1795. He is the founder of the
systematic and encyclopaedic type of scholarship embodied in the
comprehensive term _Altertumswissenschaft_, or "a scientific knowledge
of the old classical world." The tradition of Wolf was ably continued by
August Boeckh (d. 1867), one of the leaders of the historical and
antiquarian school, brilliantly represented in the previous generation
by B.G. Niebuhr (d. 1831).

In contrast with this school we have the critical and grammatical school
of Gottfried Hermann (d. 1848). During this period, while Germany
remains the most productive of the nations, scholarship has been more
and more international and cosmopolitan in its character.

Germany.

_19th Century._--We must here be content with simply recording the names
of a few of the more prominent representatives of the 19th century in
some of the most obvious departments of classical learning. Among
natives of Germany the leading scholars