Johnson, "Present State of Classical
Studies in France," in _Classical Review_ (December 1907). See also
the English Education Department's _Special Reports on Education in
France_ (1899). The earlier literature is best represented in England
by Matthew Arnold's _Schools and Universities in France_ (1868; new
edition, 1892) and _A French Eton_ (1864).

Germany.

3. The history of education in Germany since 1500 falls into three
periods: (a) the age of the Revival of Learning and the Reformation
(1500-1650), (b) the age of French influence (1650-1800), and (c) the
19th century.

Melanchthon.

The Greek Testament.

(a) During the first twenty years of the 16th century the reform of
Latin instruction was carried out by setting aside the old medieval
grammars, by introducing new manuals of classical literature, and by
prescribing the study of classical authors and the imitation of
classical models. In all these points the lead was first taken by south
Germany, and by the towns along the Rhine down to the Netherlands. The
old schools and universities were being quietly interpenetrated by the
new spirit of humanism, when the sky was suddenly darkened by the clouds
of religious conflict. In 1525-1535 there was a marked depression in the
classical studies of Germany. Erasmus, writing to W. Pirckheimer in
1528, exclaims: "Wherever the spirit of Luther prevails, learning goes
to the ground." Such a fate was, however, averted by the intervention of
Melanchthon (d. 1560), the _praeceptor Germaniae_, who was the
embodiment of the spirit of the new Protestant type of education, with
its union of evangelical doctrine and humanistic culture. Under his
influence, new schools rapidly rose into being at Magdeburg, Eisleben
and Nuremberg (1521-1526). During more than forty years of academic
activity he not only provided manuals of Latin and Greek grammar and
many other text-books that long remained in use, but he also formed for
Germany a well-trained class of learned teachers, who extended his
influence throughout the land. His principal ally as an educator and as
a writer of text-books was Camerarius (d. 1574). Precepts of style, and
models taken from the best Latin authors, were the means whereby a
remarkable skill in the imitation of Cicero was attained at Strassburg
during the forty-four years of the headmastership of Johannes von Sturm
(d. 1589), who had himself been influenced by the _De disciplinis_ of
J.