enisme en France_ (1869); Mark Pattison, _Essays_,
i., and _Life of Casaubon_; in Germany, C. Bursian, _Gesch. der class.
Philologie in Deutschland_ (1883); in Holland, L. Mueller, _Gesch. der
class. Philologie in den Niederlanden_ (1869); in Belgium, L.C.
Roersch in E.P. van Bemmel's _Patria Belgica_, vol. iii. (1875),
407-432; and in England, R.C. Jebb, "Erasmus" (1890) and "Bentley"
(1882), and "Porson" (in _Dict. Nat. Biog._). On the subject as a
whole see J.E. Sandys, _History of Classical Scholarship_ (with
chronological tables, portraits and facsimiles), vol. i.; _From the
Sixth Century B.C. to the end of the Middle Ages_ (1903, 2nd ed.,
1906); vols. ii. and iii., _From the Revival of Learning to the
Present Day_ (1908), including the history of scholarship in all the
countries of Europe and in the United States of America. See also the
separate biographical articles in this Encyclopaedia.

(B) THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

After the Revival of Learning the study of the classics owed much to the
influence and example of Vittorino da Feltre, Budacus, Erasmus and
Melanchthon, who were among the leading representatives of that revival
in Italy, France, England and Germany.

England.

1. In _England_, the two great schools of Winchester (1382) and Eton
(1440) had been founded during the life of Vittorino, but before the
revival had reached Britain. The first school[2] which came into being
under the immediate influence of humanism was that founded at St Paul's
by Dean Colet (1510), the friend of Erasmus, whose treatise _De pueris
instituendis_ (1529) has its English counterpart in the _Governor_ of
Sir Thomas Elyot (1531). The highmaster of St Paul's was to be "learned
in good and clean Latin, and also in Greek, if such may be gotten." The
master and the second master of Shrewsbury (founded 1551) were to be
"well able to make a Latin verse, and learned in the Greek tongue." The
influence of the revival extended to many other schools, such as
Christ's Hospital (1552), Westminster (1560), and Merchant Taylors'
(1561); Repton (1557), Rugby (1567) and Harrow (1571).

Shakespeare and the grammar-school.

Early text-books.

At the grammar school of Stratford-on-Avon, about 1571-1577, Shakespeare
presumably studied Terence, Horace, Ovid and the _Bucolics_ of Baptista
Mantuanus (1502). In the early plays he quotes Ovid and Seneca.
Similarly, in _Titus Andronic