ly associated with the learned labours of the Benedictines of
the Congregation of St Maur (see MAURISTS).

(b) _Greek Studies._--Meanwhile, the study of the Greek classics was
ably represented at Rome in the Augustan age by Dionysius of
Halicarnassus (fl. 30-8 B.C.), the intelligent critic of the ancient
Attic orators, while the 1st century of our era is the probable date of
the masterpiece of literary criticism known as the treatise _On the
Sublime_ by Longinus (q.v.).

The 2nd century is the age of the two great grammarians, Apollonius
Dyscolus (the founder of scientific grammar and the creator of the study
of Greek syntax) and his son Herodian, the larger part of whose
principal work dealt with the subject of Greek accentuation. It is also
the age of the lexicographers of Attic Greek, the most important of whom
are Phrynichus, Pollux (fl. A.D. 180) and Harpocration.

In the 4th century Demosthenes was expounded and imitated by the widely
influential teacher, Libanius of Antioch (c. 314-c. 393), the pagan
preceptor of St Chrysostom. To the same century we may assign the
grammarian Theodosius of Alexandria, who, instead of confining himself
(like Dionysius Thrax) to the tenses of [Greek: thupto] in actual use,
was the first to set forth all the imaginary aorists and futures of that
verb, which have thence descended through the Byzantine age to the
grammars of the Renaissance and of modern Europe.

In the 5th century we may place Hesychius of Alexandria, the compiler of
the most extensive of our ancient Greek lexicons, and Proclus, the
author of a chrestomathy, to the extracts from which (as preserved by
Photius) we owe almost all our knowledge of the contents of the lost
epics of early Greece. In the same century the study of Plato was
represented by Synesius of Cyrene (c. 370-c. 413) and by the
Neoplatonists of Alexandria and of Athens. The lower limit of the Roman
age of classical studies may be conveniently placed in the year 529. In
that year the monastery of Monte Cassino was founded in the West, while
the school of Athens was closed in the East. The Roman age thus ends in
the West with Boethius, Cassiodorus and St Benedict, and in the East
with Priscian and Justinian.

(iii.) _The Middle Ages_.--(a) _In the East_, commonly called the
_Byzantine Age_, c. 530-1350. In this age, grammatical learning was
represented by Choeroboscus, and lexicography by Photius (d. 891), the
patriarch of Constantinople, who is al