live--an age that differs entirely from that of
Cicero." One of the younger Ciceronians criticized by Erasmus was
Longolius, who had died at Padua in 1522. The cause of the Ciceronians
was defended by the elder Scaliger in 1531 and 1536, and by Etienne
Dolet in 1535, and the controversy was continued by other scholars down
to the year 1610. Meanwhile, in Italy, a strict type of Ciceronianism
was represented by Paulus Manutius (d. 1574), and a freer and more
original form of Latinity by Muretus (d. 1585).

Before touching on the salient points in the subsequent centuries, in
connexion with the leading nations of Europe, we may briefly note the
cosmopolitan position of Erasmus (1466-1536), who, although he was a
native of the Netherlands, was far more closely connected with France,
England, Italy, Germany and Switzerland, than with the land of his
birth. He was still a school-boy at Deventer when his high promise was
recognized by Rudolf Agricola, "the first (says Erasmus) who brought
from Italy some breath of a better culture." Late in 1499 Erasmus spent
some two months at Oxford, where he met Colet; it was in London that he
met More and Linacre and Grocyn, who had already ceased to lecture at
Oxford. At Paris, in 1500, he was fully conscious that "without Greek
the amplest knowledge of Latin was imperfect"; and, during his three
years in Italy (1506-1509), he worked quietly at Greek in Bologna and
attended the lectures of Musurus in Padua. In October 1511 he was
teaching Greek to a little band of students in Cambridge; at Basel in
1516 he produced his edition of the Greek Testament, the first that was
actually published; and during the next few years he was helping to
organize the college lately founded at Louvain for the study of Greek
and Hebrew, as well as Latin. Seven years at Basel were followed by five
at Freiburg, and by two more at Basel, where he died. The names of all
these places are suggestive of the wide range of his influence. By his
published works, his _Colloquies_, his _Adages_ and his _Apophthegms_,
he was the educator of the nations of Europe. An educational aim is also
apparent in his editions of Terence and of Seneca, while his Latin
translations made his contemporaries more familiar with Greek poetry and
prose, and his _Paraphrase_ promoted a better understanding of the Greek
Testament. He was not so much a scientific scholar as a keen and
brilliant man of letters and a widely influential apostle of