al of
Alexandria. Pergamum was a home of learning for a large part of the 150
years of the Attalid dynasty, 283-133 B.C.

The grammar of the Stoics, gradually elaborated by Zeno, Cleanthes and
Chrysippus, supplied a terminology which, in words such as "genitive,"
"accusative" and "aorist," has become a permanent part of the
grammarian's vocabulary; and the study of this grammar found its
earliest home in Pergamum.

From about 168 B.C. the head of the Pergamene school was Crates of
Mallus, who (like the Stoics) was an adherent of the principle of
"anomaly" in grammar, and was thus opposed to Aristarchus of Alexandria,
the champion of "analogy." He also opposed Aristarchus, and supported
the Stoics, by insisting on an _allegorical_ interpretation of Homer. He
is credited with having drawn up the classified lists of the best
authors for the Pergamene library. His mission as an envoy to the Roman
senate, "shortly after the death of Ennius" in 169 B.C., had a
remarkable influence on literary studies in Rome. Meeting with an
accident while he was wandering on the Palatine, and being detained in
Rome, he passed part of his enforced leisure in giving lectures
(possibly on Homer, his favourite author), and thus succeeded in
arousing among the Romans a taste for the scholarly study of literature.
The example set by Crates led to the production of a new edition of the
epic poem of Naevius, and to the public recitation of the _Annals_ of
Ennius, and (two generations later) the _Satires_ of Lucilius.

(ii.) _The Roman Age._--(a) _Latin Studies._--In the 1st century B.C.
the foremost scholar in Rome was L. Aelius Stilo (c. 154-c. 74), who is
described by Cicero as profoundly learned in Greek and Latin literature,
and as an accomplished critic of Roman antiquities and of ancient
authors. Of the plays then passing under the name of Plautus, he
recognized twenty-five as genuine. His most famous pupil was Varro
(116-27), the six surviving books of whose great work on the Latin
language are mainly concerned with the great grammatical controversy on
analogy and anomaly--a controversy which also engaged the attention of
Cicero and Caesar, and of the elder Pliny and Quintilian. The twenty-one
plays of Plautus accepted by Varro are doubtless the twenty now extant,
together with the lost _Vidularia_. The influence of Varro's last work
on the nine _disciplinae_, or branches of study, long survived in the
seven "liberal arts" recognized by St