overed northern Africa
for civilization.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--I. _Ancient_.--(a) Polybius, Diodorus Siculus, Livy,
Appian, Justin, Strabo; (b) for the Christian period, Tertullian,
Cyprian, Augustine; (c) for the Byzantine and Vandal, Procopius and
Victor de Vita. All the references to the topography of Roman and
Byzantine Carthage are collected in Audollent, _Carthage romaine_
(1901), pp. 775-825, which also contains a full list of modern works
(pp. 13-32. and p. 835).

II. _Modern_.--The most important are: Falbe, _Recherches sur
l'emplacement de Carthage_ (Paris, 1833); Dureau de la Malle,
_Topographie de Carthage_ (Paris, 1835); Nathan Davis, _Carthage and
her Remains_ (London, 1861); Beule, _Fouilles a Carthage_ (Paris,
1861); Victor Guerin, _Voyage archeologique dans la regence de Tunis_
(Paris, 1862); E. de Sainte Marie, _Mission a Carthage_ (Paris, 1884);
C. Tissot, _Geographie comparee de la province romaine d'Afrique_
(Paris, 1884-1888, 2 vols.); E. Babelon, _Carthage_ (Paris, 1896);
Otto Meltzer, _Geschichte der Karthager_ (Berlin, 1879-1896, 2 vols.);
Paul Monceaux, _Les Africains, etude sur la litterature latine de
l'Afrique; Les Paiens_ (Paris, 1898); _Histoire litteraire de
l'Afrique chretienne_ (Paris, 1901-1909, 3 vols.); Pallu de Lessert,
_Vicaires et comtes d'Afrique_ (Paris, 1892); _Fastes des provinces
africaines sous la domination romaine_ (Paris, 1896-1901, 2 vols.); R.
Cagnat, _L'Armee romaine d'Afrique_ (Paris, 1892); C. Diehl,
_L'Afrique byzantine, histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique_
(Paris, 1896); Aug. Audollent, _Carthage romaine_ (Paris, 1901); A.J.
Church and A. Gilman, _Carthage_ in "Story of the Nations" series
(1886). For the numerous publications of Pere Delattre scattered in
various periodicals see _Etude sur les diverses publications du R.P.
Delattre_, by Marquis d'Anselme de Puisaye (Paris, 1895); Miss Mabel
Moore's _Carthage of the Phoenicians_ (London, 1905) contains a useful
summary of Delattre's excavations. See further for the discussion of
particular points: "Chronique archeologique africaine," published by
Steph. Gsell, in the _Revue africaine_ of Algiers, 1893, and following
years; and in the _Melanges d'archeologie et d'histoire de l'Ecole
francaise de Rome_, vol. xv. (1895 and following years); Dr Carton,
"Chronique archeologique nord-africaine," in the _Revue tunisienne_.
(E. B.*)

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