's, Newfoundland, met
Cartier on his way back to France. In the summer of 1543, Cartier was
sent out to bring home Roberval, whose attempt to make his way up the
Ottawa to this mythical Saguenay had proved futile. From 1544 until his
death at St Malo, on the 1st of September 1557, Cartier appears to have
done little else than give technical advice in nautical matters and act
as Portuguese interpreter.

A critical edition of Cartier's _Brief Recit de la navigation faicte
es isles de Canada_ (1545), from the MSS., has been published by the
university of Toronto. The best English version is that by James
Phinney Baxter, published at Portland, Maine, in 1906. (H. P. B.)

CARTILAGE (Lat. _cartilago_, gristle), the firm elastic and gristly
connective tissue in vertebrates. (See CONNECTIVE TISSUES and JOINTS.)

CARTOON (Ital. _cartone_, pasteboard), a term used in pictorial art in
two senses, (1) In painting, a cartoon is used as a model for a large
picture in fresco, oil or tapestry, or for statuary. It was also
formerly employed in glass and mosaic work. When cartoons are used in
fresco-painting, the back of the design is covered with black-lead or
other colouring matter; and, this side of the picture being applied to
the wall, the artist passes over the lines of the design with a point,
and thus obtains an impression. According to another method the outlines
of the figures are pricked with a needle, and the cartoon, being placed
against the wall, is "pounced," i.e. a bag of black colouring-matter is
drawn over the perforations, and the outlines are thus transferred to
the wall. In fresco-painting, the portions of the cartoon containing
figures were formerly cut out and fixed (generally in successive
sections) upon the moist plaster. Their contour was then traced with a
pointed instrument, and the outlines appeared lightly incised upon the
plaster after the portion of the cartoon was withdrawn. In the
manufacture of tapestries upon which it is wished to give a
representation of the figures of cartoons, these figures are sometimes
cut out, and laid behind or under the woof, to guide the operations of
the artist. In this case the cartoons are coloured.

Cartoons have been executed by some of the most distinguished masters;
the greatest extant performances in this line of art are those of
Raphael. They are seven in number, coloured in distemper; and at present
they adorn the Victoria and Albert Museum