CARUCATE, or CARRUCATE (from the Med. Lat. _carrucata_, from _carruca_,
a wheeled plough), a measure of land, based probably on the area that
could be ploughed by a team of oxen in a year; hence "carucage" means a
tax levied on each "carucate" of land (see HIDE).

CARUPANO, a town and port of the state of Bermudez, Venezuela, 65 m.
N.E. of the city of Cumana. Pop. (1908, estimate) 8600. Carupano is
situated on the Caribbean coast at the opening of two valleys, and is a
port of call for several regular steamship lines. Its mean annual
temperature is 81 deg. F., but the climate is healthy, because of its
open situation on the coast. The country immediately behind the town is
rough, but there is a considerable export of cacao, coffee, sugar,
cotton, timber and rum.

CARUS, KARL GUSTAV (1789-1869), German physiologist and psychologist,
distinguished also as an art critic and a landscape painter, was born
and educated at Leipzig. After a course in chemistry, he began the
systematic study of medicine and in 1811 became a _Privat docent_. On
the subject which he selected (comparative anatomy) no lectures had
previously been given at Leipzig, and Carus soon established a
reputation as a medical teacher. In the war of 1813 he was director of
the military hospital at Pfaffendorf, near Leipzig, and in 1814
professor to the new medical college at Dresden, where he spent the
remainder of his life. He was made royal physician in 1827, and a privy
councillor in 1862. He died on the 28th of July 1869. In philosophy
Carus belonged to the school of Schelling, and his works are thoroughly
impregnated with the spirit of that system. He regarded inherited
tendency as a proof that the cell has a certain psychic life, and
pointed out that individual differences are less marked in the lower
than in the higher organisms. Of his many works the most important
are:--_Grundzuge der vergleichenden Anatomic und Physiologie_ (Dresden,
1828); _System der Physiologie_ (2nd ed., 1847-1849); _Psyche: zur
Entwickelungsgeschichte der Seele_ (1846, 3rd ed. Stuttgart, 1860);
_Physis, zur Geschichte des leiblichen Lebens_ (Stuttgart, 1851); _Natur
und Idee_ (Vienna, 1861); _Symbolik des menschlichen Gestalts_ (Leipz.,
1853, 2nd ed., 1857); _Atlas der Kranioskopie_ (2nd ed. Leipz., 1864);
_Vergleichende Psychologie_ (Vienna, 1866).

See his autobiography, _Lebenserinnerungen und Denkwurdigkeiten_ (4
vols., 1865-1866); K. von Reichenbac