nnel, &c., containing an explosive charge,
and usually the projectile also, for small arms and ordnance (see
AMMUNITION).

CARTWRIGHT, EDMUND (1743-1823), English inventor, younger brother of
Major John Cartwright (q.v.), was born at Marnham, Nottinghamshire, on
the 24th of April 1743, and educated at Wakefield grammar school. He
began his academical studies at University College, Oxford, and in 1764
he was elected to a fellowship at Magdalen. In 1770 he published _Armine
and Elvira_, a legendary poem, which was followed in 1779 by _The Prince
of Peace_. In 1779 he was presented to the rectory of Goadby Marwood,
Leicestershire, to which in 1786 was added a prebend in the cathedral of
Lincoln. He took the degree of D.D. at Oxford in 1806. He would probably
have passed an obscure life as a country clergyman had not his attention
been accidentally turned in 1784 to the possibility of applying
machinery to weaving. The result was that he invented a power-loom, for
which he took out a patent in 1785; it was a rude contrivance, though it
was improved by subsequent patents in 1786 and 1787, and gradually
developed into the modern power-loom. Removing to Doncaster in 1785, he
started a weaving and spinning factory; it did not, however, prove a
financial success, and in 1793 he had to surrender it to his creditors.
A mill at Manchester, in which a number of his machines were installed,
was wilfully destroyed by fire in 1791. In 1789 he patented a
wool-combing machine, for which he took out further patents in 1790 and
1792; it effected large economies in the cost of manufacture, but its
financial results were not more satisfactory to its inventor than those
of the power-loom, even though in 1801 parliament extended the patent
for fourteen years. In 1807 a memorial was presented to the government
urging the benefits that had been conferred on the country by the
power-loom, and the House of Commons voted him L10,000 in 1809. He then
purchased a small farm at Hollander, near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he
spent the rest of his life. He died at Hastings on the 30th of October
1823. Other inventions of Cartwright's included a cordelier or machine
for making rope (1792), and an engine working with alcohol (1797),
together with various agricultural implements.

CARTWRIGHT, JOHN (1740-1824), English parliamentary reformer, was born
at Marnham in Nottinghamshire on the 17th of September 1740, being the
elder brother of Edmund Cart