cruelty. In Mary's
reign a community was reassembled at Sheen, and on her death it
emigrated, fifteen in number, to Flanders, and finally settled in
Nieuport; it maintained itself as an English community for a
considerable time, but gradually dwindled, and the last of the old
English Carthusian stock died in 1831. There is now one Charterhouse in
England established at Parkminster in Sussex in 1883; the community
numbers 50 choir-monks, but it is almost wholly made up of foreigners,
including many of those recently expelled from France.

At the French Revolution the monks were driven from the Grande
Chartreuse, but they returned in 1816; they were again driven out under
the Association Laws of 1901, and the community of the Grande Chartreuse
is now settled in an old Certosa near Lucca. Of late years the community
at the Grande Chartreuse had consisted of some 40 choir-monks and 20 lay
brothers. Before the recent expulsions from France there were in all
some 20 Charterhouses.

There have been since the middle of the 13th century a very few convents
of Carthusian nuns, not more than ten; in recent times there have been
but two or three, one situated a few miles from the Grande Chartreuse.
The rule resembles that of the monks, but the isolation, solitude and
silence are much less stringent. The habit of the Carthusians, both
monks and nuns, is white.

A word may be added as to the famous liqueur, known as Chartreuse, made
by the monks. At the Revolution the property of the Carthusians was
confiscated, and on their restoration they recovered only the barren
desert in which the monastery stood, and for it they had to pay rent.
Thus they were for some years in want even of the needful means of
subsistence. Then the liqueur was invented as a means of supplying the
wants of the community; it became a great commercial success and
produces a large yearly income. This income the monks have not spent on
themselves, nor does it accumulate. The first charge is the maintenance
of the Grande Chartreuse and the other Charterhouses, and out of it have
been built and established the new monasteries of the order, as at
Dusseldorf, Parkminster and elsewhere; but by far the largest portion
has been spent on religious and charitable purposes in France and all
over the world,--churches, schools, hospitals, almshouses, foreign
missions. One thing is certain: the profits made no difference at all to
the secluded and austere life of the monks