of the Grande Chartreuse.

AUTHORITIES.--The most comprehensive historical work on the Carthusian
order is B. Tromby, _Storia del patriarca S. Brunone e del suo ordine_
(10 vols., 1773). References to other histories, old and new, will be
found in Max Heimbucher, _Orden u. Kongregationen_ (1896), i. S 36;
Wetzer und Welte, _Kirchenlexicon_ (ed. 2), art. "Karthauserorden";
Herzog-Hauck, _Realencyklopadie_ (ed. 3), art. "Karthauser." For the
English Carthusians, see E. Margaret Thompson, _Somerset Carthusians_
(1895), and Dom L. Hendriks, _London Charterhouse_ (1889). The best
study on St Bruno and the foundation of the order is Hermann Lobbel,
"Der Stifter des Karthauser-Ordens," 1899 (vol. v. No. 1 of
_Kirchengeschichtliche Studien_, Munster); and the best account of the
actual life is by Algar Thorold (_Dublin Review_, April 1892), who
spent some months in the noviciate at the Grande Chartreuse. A little
tract (anonymous) translated from French, _The Carthusians_, 1902
(Orphans Press, Buckley Hall, Rochdale), gives precise information on
the history, spirit and life of the Carthusians. (E. C. B.)

CARTIER, SIR GEORGES ETIENNE, Bart. (1814-1873), Canadian statesman, was
born in the province of Quebec on the 6th of September 1814. Called to
the bar in 1835, he soon gained a large practice. He took part in the
rebellion of 1837, and was forced for a time to fly the country. In 1848
he was elected to the Canadian parliament. His youthful ebullition of
1837 was soon repented of, and he became a loyal subject of the British
crown. So greatly had he changed that in 1854 he became a leading member
of the reconstructed Liberal-Conservative party. In 1855 he was
appointed provincial secretary, and in 1857 attorney-general for Lower
Canada. From 1858 to 1862 he and Sir John Macdonald were joint prime
ministers of Canada, and their alliance lasted till the death of
Cartier. He took the chief part in promoting many useful measures, such
as the abolition of seigneurial tenure in Lower Canada (see QUEBEC), and
the codification of the civil law of that province (1857-1864). Above
all he favoured the construction of railways, and to his energy and
fearless, optimism are largely due the eventual success of the Grand
Trunk railway, and the resolve to construct the Canadian Pacific. In the
face of great opposition, he carried his native province into federation
(1864-1867), which would have been i