OTNOTES:

[1] The whole question of these harbours has been fully discussed by
Cecil Torr, Otto Meltzer, R. Ohler, S. Gsell, M. de Roquefeuil; see
Aug. Audollent, _Carthage romaine_, pp. 198 seq.; _Revue archeol._
3rd series, xxiv.; _Jahrbuch f. class. Philologie_, vols. cxlvii.,
cxlix.; also _Classical Review_, vols. v., vii., viii.

[2] i.e. "of the Poeni (Phoenicians)."

[3] The identification of this Hanno with the son of Hamilcar is
conjectural; see HANNO.

[4] For the military side of these wars see PUNIC WARS; HANNIBAL;
HASDRUBAL.

CARTHAGE, a city and the county-seat of Jasper county, Missouri, U.S.A.,
on the Spring river, about 950 ft. above sea-level, and about 150 m. S.
by E. of Kansas City. Pop. (1890) 7981; (1900) 9416, of whom 539 were
negroes; (1910 census) 9483. It is served by the St. Louis & San
Francisco, the Missouri Pacific, and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain &
Southern railways, and is connected with Webb City and Joplin, Mo., and
Galena, Kan., by the electric line of the Southwest Missouri railway.
The town is built on high ground underlain by solid limestone, and has
much natural and architectural beauty. It is the seat of the Carthage
Collegiate Institute (Presbyterian). A Chautauqua assembly and a county
fair are held annually. In the vicinity there are valuable lead, zinc
and coal mines, and quarries of Carthage "marble," with which the county
court house is built. Carthage is a jobbing centre for a fruit and grain
producing region; live-stock (especially harness horses) is raised in
the vicinity; and among the city's manufactures are lime, flour, canned
fruits, furniture, bed springs and mattresses, mining and quarrying
machinery, ploughs and woollen goods. In 1905 the factory products were
valued at $1,179,661. Natural gas for domestic use and for factories is
piped from the Kansas gas fields. The municipality owns and operates the
electric-lighting plant. Carthage, founded in 1833, was laid out as a
town and became the county-seat in 1842, was incorporated as a town in
1868, was chartered as a city in 1873, and in 1890 became a city of the
third class under the general (state) law. On the 5th of July 1861 about
3500 Confederates under General James E. Rains and M.M. Parsons,
accompanied by Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson (1807-1862), and 1500
Union troops under Colonel Franz Sigel, were engaged about 7 m. north of
the city in an indecisive skirmish wh