ristian
church.

See Hefele, 2nd ed., ii. pp. 103-104 (English translation, ii. pp.
445-446); Mansi, iv. pp. 7-283; Hardouin, i. pp. 1043-1190.

5. On the 1st of May 418 a great synod ("A Council of Africa," St
Augustine calls it), which assembled under the presidency of Aurelius,
bishop of Carthage, to take action concerning the errors of Caelestius,
a disciple of Pelagius (q.v.), denounced the Pelagian doctrines of human
nature, original sin, grace and perfectibility, and fully approved the
contrary views of Augustine. Prompted by the reinstatement by the bishop
of Rome of a deposed African priest, the synod enacted that "whoever
appeals to a court on the other side of the sea (meaning Rome) may not
again be received into communion by any one in Africa" (canon 17).

See Hefele, 2nd ed., ii. pp. 116 sqq. (English translation, ii. pp.
458 sqq.); Mansi, iii. pp. 810 sqq., iv. pp. 377 sqq., 451 sqq.;
Hardouin, i. pp. 926 sqq.

6. The question of appeals to Rome occasioned two synods, one in 419,
the other in 424. The latter addressed a letter to the bishop of Rome,
Celestine, protesting against his claim to appellate jurisdiction, and
urgently requesting the immediate recall of his legate, and advising him
to send no more judges to Africa.

See Hefele, 2nd ed., ii. pp. 120 sqq., 137 sqq. (English translation,
ii. pp. 462 sqq., 480 sqq.); Mansi, iii. pp. 835 sqq., iv. pp. 401
sqq., 477 sqq.; Hardouin, i. pp. 943 sqq., 1241 sqq. (T.F.C.)

CARTHUSIANS, an order of monks founded by St Bruno (q.v.). In 1084 Bruno
and his six companions presented themselves before the bishop of
Grenoble and explained to him their desire to lead an ascetical life in
a solitary place. He pointed out to them a desolate spot named
Chartreuse, on the mountains near Grenoble, rocky and precipitous, and
snow-covered during a great portion of the year, and told them they
might there carry out their design. They built themselves three huts and
an oratory, and gave themselves up to a life of prayer and silence and
extreme austerity. After a few years Bruno was summoned to Rome by Urban
II., as an adviser in the government of the Church, c. 1090; but after a
year or so he obtained permission to withdraw from Rome, and was able to
found in the forests of Calabria near Squillace a second, and later on a
third and a fourth monastery, on the same lines as the Chartreuse. On
one of these south Italian foundations Bruno died in 1101.