he
vesting of revisory powers in the courts of the District carried the
qualification that revisory actions and interlocutory opinions, as
nonjudicial functions, were not reviewable on appeal to the Supreme
Court of the United States. Frasch _v._ Moore, 211 U.S. 1 (1908); E.C.
Atkins & Co. _v._ Moore, 212 U.S. 285 (1909); Keller _v._ Potomac
Electric Co., 261 U.S. 428 (1923); Federal Radio Commission _v._ General
Electric Co., 281 U.S. 464 (1930).

[136] O'Donoghue _v._ United States, 289 U.S. 516 (1933).

[137] Ibid. 545-546.

[138] Ibid. 545. Chief Justice Hughes in a dissent joined by Justice Van
Devanter and Cardozo took the position that the plenary power of
Congress over the District is complete in itself and its power to create
courts in the District is not derived from article III. Consequently,
they argued that the limitations of article III do not apply to the
organization of such courts. The O'Donoghue Case is discussed in the
opinions of Justices Jackson and Rutledge and in the dissent of Chief
Justice Vinson in National Mutual Insurance Co. _v._ Tidewater Transfer
Co., 337 U.S. 582, 601-602, 608-611, 638-640 (1949).

[139] 6 Wheat. 264 (1821).

[140] Ibid. 378.

[141] Miller, Constitution, 314, quoted in Muskrat _v._ United States,
219 U.S. 346, 356 (1911).

[142] 9 Wheat. 738, 819 (1824).

[143] 2 Dall. 419, 431, 432 (1793).

[144] In re Pacific Railway Commission, 32 F. 241, 255 (1887). Justice
Field repeated the substance of this definition in Smith _v._ Adams, 130
U.S. 167, 173-174 (1889).

[145] 219 U.S. 346, 357 (1911).

[146] Ibid. 361-362. Judicial power is here defined by Justice Day as
"the right to determine actual controversies arising between adverse
litigants, duly instituted in courts of proper jurisdiction." Ibid. 361.

[147] Muskrat _v._ United States, 219 U.S. 346 (1911); Chicago & Grand
Trunk R. Co. _v._ Wellman, 143 U.S. 339 (1892); Lampasas _v._ Bell, 180
U.S. 276 (1901); Braxton County Court _v._ West Virginia, 208 U.S. 192
(1908); Smith _v._ Indiana, 191 U.S. 138 (1903); Tregea _v._ Modesto
Irrigation District, 164 U.S. 179 (1896).

[148] 143 U.S. 339 (1892).

[149] Ibid. 345.

[150] Muskrat _v._ United States, 219 U.S. 346 (1911).

[151] Lampasas _v._ Bell, 180 U.S. 276, 284 (1901).

[152] Braxton County Court _v._ West Virginia, 208 U.S. 192 (1908).

[153] Ibid. 198.

[154] Smith _v._ Indiana, 191 U.S. 138, 149 (1903).

[155] Tregea _v._ Modesto Irrigation