v._ L. & N.R. Co., 213 U.S. 175, 191 (1909); Berea College _v._
Kentucky, 211 U.S. 45, 53 (1908); and the cases cited in the notes to
the preceding paragraph. [Transcriber's Note: Reference is to Footnote
272, above.]

[274] 331 U.S. 549, 571 (1947).

[275] _See_ pp. 546-548. For the distinction between inherent and
precautionary limitations to the exercise of judicial review and the
operation of judicial review within them, _see_ Edward S. Corwin,
Judicial Review in Action, 74 Univ. of Pennsylvania L. Rev. 639 (1926).
For the limitations generally _see also_ the concurring opinion of
Justice Brandeis in Ashwander _v._ Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S.
288, 346-356 (1936), and the cases cited therein.

[276] One of the earliest formulations of this rule is that by Justice
Iredell in Calder _v._ Bull, 3 Dall. 386, 399 (1798), and by Justice
Chase in the same case, p. 394. On the other hand Justice Chase in this
same case asserted that there were certain powers which "it cannot be
presumed" have been entrusted to the legislature. _See also_
Sinking-Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700 (1879).

[277] Ogden _v._ Saunders, 12 Wheat. 213 (1827); Providence Bank _v._
Billings, 4 Pet. 514, 549 (1830) (argument of counsel); Legal Tender
Cases, 12 Wall. 457 (1871); Madden _v._ Kentucky, 309 U.S. 83 (1940);
Alabama State Federation of Labor _v._ McAdory, 325 U.S. 450 (1945).
_See also_ Justice Moody's dissenting opinion in Howard _v._ Illinois
C.R. Co. (The Employers' Liability Cases), 207 U.S. 463, 509-511 (1908).

[278] Adkins _v._ Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 (1923). "But freedom
of contract is, nevertheless, the general rule and restraint the
exception; and the exercise of legislative authority to abridge it can
be justified only by the existence of exceptional circumstances." Ibid.
546.

[279] Kovacs _v._ Cooper, 336 U.S. 77, 88 (1949) opinion of Justice
Reed. _See_ Justice Frankfurter's concurring opinion for a criticism of
this rule. For other cases imputing to freedom of religion and the press
a preferred position so as to reverse the presumption of validity _see_
Herndon _v._ Lowry, 301 U.S. 242, 258 (1937); United States _v._
Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144, 152, n. 4 (1938); Thornhill _v._
Alabama, 310 U.S. 88, 95 (1940); Schneider _v._ State, 308 U.S. 147, 161
(1939); Bridges _v._ California, 314 U.S. 252, 262-263 (1941); Murdock
_v._ Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105, 115 (1943); Prince _v._ Massachusetts,
321 U.S. 158