raise, by any available procedure, the question presented, 28
U.S.C.A. Sec. 2254. This section codified Ex parte Hawk.

[698] 334 U.S. 672 (1948).

[699] 258 U.S. 254 (1922).

[700] Ibid. 259.

[701] Houston _v._ Moore, 5 Wheat. 1, 27-28 (1820).

[702] Carriage Tax Act, 1 Stat. 373 (1794); License Tax on Wine and
Spirits Act, 1 Stat. 376 (1794).

[703] 1 Stat. 302 (1793).

[704] 1 Stat. 414 (1795).

[705] 1 Stat. 577.

[706] 1 Stat. 727 (1799).

[707] 2 Stat. 453 (1808); 2 Stat. 473 (1808); 2 Stat. 499 (1808); 2
Stat. 506 (1809); 2 Stat. 528 (1809); 2 Stat. 550 (1809); 2 Stat. 605
(1810); 2 Stat. 707 (1812); 3 Stat. 88 (1813).

[708] 3 Stat. 244. For the trial of federal offenses in State courts
_see_ Charles Warren, Federal Criminal Laws and State Courts, 38 Harv.
L. Rev. 545 (1925).

[709] Charles Warren, Federal Criminal Laws and State Courts, 38 Harv.
L. Rev. 545, 577-581 (1925).

[710] Justice Story dissenting in Houston _v._ Moore, 5 Wheat. 1, 69
(1820); Justice McLean dissenting in United States _v._ Bailey, 9 Pet.
238, 259 (1835).

[711] 16 Pet. 539, 615 (1842).

[712] Robertson _v._ Baldwin, 165 U.S. 275 (1897); Dallemagne _v._
Moisan, 197 U.S. 169 (1905). _See also_ Teal _v._ Felton, 12 How. 284
(1852); Claflin _v._ Houseman, 93 U.S. 130 (1876). This last case
proceeds on the express assumption that the State and National
Governments are part of a single nation and implicity repudiates the
idea of separate sovereignties, as set out in Prigg _v._ Pennsylvania,
16 Pet. 539 (1842).

[713] Mitchell Wendell, Relations between the Federal and State Courts
(New York, 1949), 278.

[714] 35 Stat. 65 (1908).

[715] Hoxie _v._ New York, N.H. & H.R. Co., 82 Conn. 352 (1909).

[716] 223 U.S. 1, 59 (1912).

[717] Brown _v._ Western Ry. Co. of Alabama, 338 U.S. 294 (1949). _See_
Justice Frankfurter's dissent in this case for a summary of rulings to
the contrary.

[718] 330 U.S. 386 (1947).

[719] 56 Stat. 23, 33-34, 205 (c).

[720] 330 U.S. 386, 389.

[721] Ibid. 390. Justice Black refers to Prigg _v._ Pennsylvania, 16
Pet. 539, 615 (1842), and other cases as broadly questioning the power
and duty of State courts to enforce federal criminal law. The cases
primarily relied upon in the opinion are Claflin _v._ Houseman, 93 U.S.
130 (1876); Mondou _v._ New York, N.H. & H.R. Co. (Second Employers'
Liability Cases), 223 U.S. 1 (1912).

[722] _Cf._ Doyle _v._ Continental Ins. Co., 94 U.S. 535 (1