72-373,
378-381, 516-519. The only question of a constitutional nature that has
arisen concerning the Cabinet meeting is as to its right to meet, on the
call of the Secretary of State, in the President's absence. Ibid. 402.

[116] United States _v._ Wilson, 7 Pet. 150, 160-161 (1833).

[117] 236 U.S. 79, 86 (1915).

[118] Ibid. 90-91.

[119] Armstrong _v._ United States, 13 Wall. 154, 156 (1872). In Brown
_v._ Walker, 161 U.S. 591 (1896), the Court had said: "It is almost a
necessary corollary of the above propositions that, if the witness has
already received a pardon, he cannot longer set up his privilege, since
he stands with respect to such offence as if it had never been
committed." Ibid. 599, citing British cases.

[120] Biddle _v._ Perovich, 274 U.S. 480, 486 (1927).

[121] _Cf._ W.H. Humbert, The Pardoning Power of the President, American
Council on Public Affairs (Washington, 1941) 73.

[122] 274 U.S. at 486.

[123] 23 Op. Atty. Gen. 363 (1901); Illinois Central R. Co. _v._
Bosworth, 133 U.S. 92 (1890).

[124] Ex parte Wells, 18 How. 307 (1856). For the contrary view _see_
some early opinions of Attorney General, 1 Opins. Atty. Gen. 342 (1820);
2 ibid. 275 (1829); 5 ibid. 687 (1795); _cf._ 4 ibid. 453; United States
_v._ Wilson, 7 Pet. 150, 161 (1833).

[125] Ex parte United States, 242 U.S. 27 (1916). Amendment of sentence,
however, (within the same term of court) by shortening the term of
imprisonment, although defendant had already been committed, is a
judicial act and no infringement of the pardoning power. United States
_v._ Benz, 282 U.S. 304 (1931).

[126] _See_ Messages and Papers of the Presidents, I, 181, 303; II, 543;
VII, 3414, 3508; VIII, 3853; XIV, 6690.

[127] United States _v._ Klein, 13 Wall. 128, 147 (1872). _See also_
United States _v._ Padelford, 9 Wall. 531 (1870).

[128] Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall. 333, 380 (1867).

[129] F.W. Maitland, Constitutional History of England (Cambridge,
1903), 302-306; 1 Op. Atty. Gen. 342 (1820).

[130] 267 U.S. 87 (1925).

[131] Ibid. 110-111.

[132] Ibid. 121, 122.

[133] 4 Wall. 333, 381 (1867).

[134] Ibid. 380.

[135] Ibid. 396-397.

[136] 233 U.S. 51 (1914).

[137] Ibid. 59.

[138] 142 U.S. 450 (1892).

[139] Knote _v._ United States, 95 U.S. 149, 153-154 (1877).

[140] United States _v._ Klein, 13 Wall. 128, 143, 148 (1872).

[141] The Laura, 114 U.S. 411 (1885).

[142] Brown _v._ Walker, 161 U.S. 591 (1896).

[143]