n rejecting this view.
The Charter provisions invoked in this connection [Arts. 1, 55, and 56],
said Chief Justice Gibson, "We are satisfied * * * were not intended to
supersede domestic legislation".

[164] Clark _v._ Allen, 331 U.S. 503 (1947).

[165] 1 Cr. 103, 109 (1801).

[166] Foster _v._ Neilson, 2 Pet. 253, 314 (1829); Strother _v._ Lucas,
12 Pet. 410, 439 (1838); Edye _v._ Robertson (Head Money Cases), 112
U.S. 580, 598, 599 (1884); United States _v._ Rauscher, 119 U.S. 407,
419 (1886); Bacardi Corp. _v._ Domenech, 311 U.S. 150 (1940).

[167] The doctrine of political questions is not always strictly adhered
to in cases of treaty interpretation. In the case of the "_Appam_" it
was conspicuously departed from. This was a British merchant vessel
which was captured by a German cruiser early in 1916 and brought by a
German crew into Newport News, Virginia. The German Imperial Government
claimed that under the Treaties of 1799 and 1828 between the United
States and Prussia, the vessel was entitled to remain in American waters
indefinitely. Secretary of State Lansing ruled against the claim, and
the Supreme Court later did the same, but ostensibly on independent
grounds and without reference to the attitude of the Department of
State. The Steamship Appam, 243 U.S. 124 (1917). Although it is a
principle of International Law that, as respects the rights of the
signatory parties, a treaty is binding from the date of signature, a
different rule applies in this country as to a treaty as "law of the
land" and as such a source of human rights. Before a treaty can thus
operate it must have been approved by the Senate. Haver _v._ Yaker, 9
Wall. 32 (1870).

[168] _See_ Crandall, Treaties, Their Making and Enforcement, (2d ed.),
165-171, with citations.

[169] Madison Writings (Hunt ed.), 264.

[170] "We express no opinion as to whether Congress is bound to
appropriate the money * * * It is not necessary to consider it in this
case, as Congress made prompt appropriation of the money stipulated in
the treaty" (the Treaty of Paris of 1899 between Spain and the United
States). De Lima _v._ Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1, 198 (1901). For a list of
earlier appropriations of the same kind, _see_ Crandall, 179-180, n. 35.

[171] Willoughby, On the Constitution, I (2d ed., New York, 1929), 558.
_See also_ H. Rept. 2630, 48th Cong., 2d sess., for an exhaustive review
of the subject.

[172] Edye _v._ Robertson (Head Money Cases), 112 U.S