, 615 (1850).

[98] Madsen _v._ Kinsella, 343 U.S. 341, 348 (1952). _See also_ Johnson
_v._ Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 703, 789 (1950).

[99] Totten _v._ United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1876).

[100] Hamilton _v._ Dillin, 21 Wall. 73 (1875); Haver _v._ Yaker, 9
Wall. 32 (1869).

[101] Mitchell _v._ Harmony, 13 How. 115 (1852); United States _v._
Russell, 13 Wall. 623 (1871); Totten _v._ United States, note 3 above;
[Transcriber's Note: Reference is to Footnote 99, above.] 40 Op. Atty.
Gen. 251-253 (1942).

[102] _Cf._ the Protocol of August 12, 1898, which largely foreshadowed
the Peace of Paris; and President Wilson's Fourteen Points, which were
incorporated in the Armistice of November 11, 1918.

[103] Fleming _v._ Page, 9 How. 603, 615 (1850).

[104] Santiago _v._ Nogueras, 214 U.S. 260 (1909). As to temporarily
occupied territory, _see_ Dooley _v._ United States, 182 U.S. 222,
230-231 (1901).

[105] Swaim _v._ United States, 165 U.S. 553 (1897); and cases there
reviewed. _See also_ Givens _v._ Zerbst, 255 U.S. 11 (1921).

[106] 15 Op. Atty. Gen. 297 and note; 30 ibid. 303; _cf._ 1 ibid. 233,
234, where the contrary view is stated by Attorney General Wirt.

[107] Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1, 28-29 (1942).

[108] General Orders, No. 100, Official Records, War of Rebellion, ser.
III, vol. III; April 24, 1863.

[109] _See_ e.g., Mimmack _v._ United States, 97 U.S. 426, 437 (1878);
United States _v._ Corson, 114 U.S. 619 (1885).

[110] 10 U.S.C. Sec. 1590.

[111] Mullan _v._ United States, 140 U.S. 240 (1891); Wallace _v._
United States, 257 U.S. 541 (1922).

[112] Surrogate's Court, Dutchess County, New York, ruling July 25, 1950
that the estate of Franklin D. Roosevelt was not entitled to tax
benefits under sections 421 and 939 of the Internal Revenue Code, which
extends certain tax benefits to persons dying in the military service of
the United States. New York Times, July 26, 1950, p. 27, col. 1.

[113] Farrand, I, 70, 97, 110; II, 285, 328, 335-337, 367, 537-542
(_passim_).

[114] Heads of Executive Departments except the Postmaster General have
no fixed legal terms. For the history of legislation on the subject.
_See_ 36 Op. Atty. Gen. 12-16 (April 18, 1929); _also_ Everett S. Brown,
The Tenure of Cabinet Officers, 42 American Political Science Review
529-532 (June, 1948).

[115] _See_ Corwin, The President, Office and Powers (3d ed.), New York
University Press, 1948, 21-22, 74, 98-99, 257, 358-364, 3