nt.

Glanders is a contagious constitutional disease of the genus _Equus_
(the horse, ass, and mule), readily communicable to man, the dog, the
cat, the rabbit, and the guinea pig. It is transmitted with difficulty
to sheep and goats, and cattle seem to be entirely immune. It runs a
variable course and usually produces the death of the animal affected
with it. It is characterized by the formation of neoplasms, or nodules,
of connective tissue, which degenerate into ulcers, from which exude a
peculiar discharge. It is accompanied with a variable degree of fever,
according to the rapidity of its course. It is subject to various
complications of the lymphatic glands, of the lungs, of the testicles,
of the internal organs, and of the subcutaneous connective tissue.

[Illustration: PLATE XL.

GLANDERS.

Nasal septum of horse, right side, showing acute lesions.]

[Illustration: PLATE XLI.

GLANDERS.

Middle region of nasal septum, left side, showing ulcers.]

[Illustration: PLATE XLII.

GLANDERS.

Posterior half of nasal septum, right side, showing cicatrices.]

_History._--Glanders is one of the oldest diseases of which we have
definite knowledge in the history of medicine. Absyrtus, the Greek
veterinarian in the army of Constantine the Great, described it with
considerable accuracy and recognized the contagiousness of its
character. Another Greek veterinarian, Vegetius Renatus, who lived in
the time of Theodosius (381 A. D.), described, under the name of
"malleus humidus," a disease of the horse characterized by a nasal
discharge and accompanied by superficial ulcers. He recognized the
contagious properties of the discharge of the external ulcers, and
recommended that all animals sick with the disease be separated at once
with the greatest care from the others and should be pastured in
separate fields, for fear the other animals should become affected.

In 1682 Sollysel, the stable master of Louis XIV, published an account
of glanders and farcy, which he considered closely related to each
other, although he did not recognize them as identical. He admitted the
existence of a virus which communicated the disease from an infected
animal to a sound one. He called special attention to the feed troughs
and water buckets as being the media of contagion. He divided glanders
into two forms--one malignant and contagious and the other benign--and
he stated that there was always danger of infection.

Garsault in 1746 s