ency to lie down
frequently in the stall and the absence of a desire to get up, or the
presence of evident pain and difficulty in arising.

About this time, or probably before, swelling of the bones of the face
and jaw, which is almost constantly present in this disease, will be
observed. The bones of the lower jaw are the most frequently involved,
and this condition is readily detected with the fingers by the bulging
ridge of the bone outside and along the lower edge of the molar teeth. A
thickening of the lower jawbone may likewise be identified by feeling on
both sides of each branch at the same time and comparing it with the
thinness of this bone in a normal horse. As a result mastication becomes
difficult or impossible and the teeth become loose and painful. The
imperfect chewing which follows causes balls of feed to form which drop
out of the mouth into the manger. Similar enlargements of the bones of
the upper jaw may be seen, causing a widening of the face and a bulging
of the bones about midway between the eyes and the nostrils. In some
cases the nasal bones also become swollen and deformed, which, together
with the bulging of the bones under the eyes, gives a good illustration
of the reason for the application of the term bighead.

Other bones of the body will undergo similar changes, but these
alterations are not so readily noted except by the symptoms they
occasion. The alterations of the bones of the spinal column and the
limbs, while difficult of observation, are nevertheless indicated by the
reluctance of the animal to get up and the desire to remain lying for
long periods of time. The animal easily tires, moves less rapidly, and
if urged to go faster may sustain a fracture or have a ligament torn
from its bony attachments, especially in the lower bones of the leg. An
affected horse weighing 1,000 pounds was seen by the writer to fracture
the large pastern bone from rearing during halter exercise.

The animal becomes poor in flesh, the coat is rough and lusterless, and
the skin tight and harsh, producing a condition termed "hidebound," with
considerable "tucking up" of the abdomen. The horse shows a short,
stilted, choppy gait, which later becomes stiffer and more restricted,
while on standing a position simulating that in founder is assumed, with
a noticeable drop to the croup. The animal at this stage usually lies
down and remains recumbent for several days at a time. Bed sores
frequently arise and fr