{r} + consonant, and before {h} (= Germanic {h}),
as Upper German {haltit} beside Upper Franconian {heltit}, _he holds_,
inf. {haltan}; UG. {altiro} beside UF. {eltiro}, _older_; UG. {sachit}
beside UF. {sehhit}, _he quarrels_, inf. {sachan}, Goth. {sakan}; UG.
{warmen} beside {wermen}, Goth. {warmjan}, _to warm_; UG. {slahit}
beside {slehit}, _he strikes_, inf. OHG. {slahan}, Goth. {slahan}.

3. In words ending in {-nissi}, {-nissa}, or {-l[i]h}, as {firstantnissi},
_understanding_; {infancnissa}, _assumption_; {kraftl[i]h}, _strong_;
{tagal[i]h}, _daily_.

Umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it is
expressed in late OHG. and early MHG. manuscripts, because the {[)i]}
which caused the umlaut was weakened to {e} in MHG. (Sec. 7) and {j} had
disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and diphthongs which
underwent umlaut in MHG. are a, o, u, [a], [o], [u], ou, uo. The umlaut of all
these sounds was completed by about the year 1200.

a > e: {gast}, _guest_, pl. {geste} (OHG. {gesti}); {lamp}, _lamb_, pl.
{lember} (OHG. {lembir}); inf. {graben}, _to dig_, pres. second and
third pers. sing. {grebes(t)}, {grebet} (OHG. {grebis}, {grebit});
{lanc}, _long_, beside {lenge} (OHG. {leng[i]}), _length_; {brennen},
Goth. {brannjan}, _to burn_; {bette} (OHG. {betti}), _bed_.

a > [a:]: From the twelfth century onwards the umlaut of {a} also
occurs--often beside forms without umlaut--in words containing the
consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG.,
as pl. {m[a:]hte} (OHG. {mahti}), _powers_; {gesl[a:]hte} (OHG. {gislahti}),
_race_, _generation_; {w[a:]hset} (OHG. {wahsit}), _he grows_; {w[a:]rmen}
(OHG. {warmen}, older {*warmjan}), _to warm_; Upper German {[a:]lter} (OHG.
{altiro}), _older_; {k[a:]lte} (OHG. {kalt[i]}), _coldness_; {h[a:]ltet} (OHG.
{haltit}), _he holds_; {[a:]her} (OHG. {ahir}), _ear of corn_; {sl[a:]het}
(OHG. {slahit}), _he strikes_. It also occurs in derivatives ending in
{-l[i]ch}, {-l[i]n}, as {m[a:]nl[i]ch}, _manly_, {sch[a:]mel[i]ch}, _shameful_,
{t[a:]gel[i]ch}, _daily_, {v[a:]terl[i]ch}, _fatherly_, {v[a:]terl[i]n},
dim. of {vater}, _father_. It is likewise met with in MHG. words which
originally had an {i} in the third syllable, the vowel of the second
syllable having become {i} by assimilation, as {fr[a:]vele} (OHG.
{frafali}), _bold_, pl. {m[a:]gede} (OHG. {magadi}), _maids_, pl.
{z[a:]her(e)} (OHG. {zahari}), _tears_. See Sec. 2, Note.