ppe}: {rabe}, _raven_; {rocke}:
{rogge}, _rye_; {tropfe}, _drop_: {triefen}, _to drip_.

2. {p, t, k} were doubled before a following {r} or {l}. The doubling
regularly took place in the inflected forms, and was then extended to
the uninflected forms by levelling, as {apfel} (OE. {[ae]ppel}), _apple_;
{kupfer} (Lat. {cuprum}), _copper_; {bitter} (Goth. {b['a]itrs}), _bitter_,
see Sec. 23 note; {l[u:]tzel} (OS. {luttil}), _little_; {acker} (Goth. {akrs}),
_field_; {wacker} (OE. {w[ae]ccer}), _watchful_. See Sec. 23, 2.

3. All single consonants, except {r}, were doubled after a short vowel
when there was originally a {j} in the next syllable. The {bb}, {dd},
{gg}; {pp}, {tt}, {kk}, which thus arose, became {pp} ({bb}), {tt}, {ck}
({gg}); {pf}, {tz}, {ck} in MHG. (Secs. 23,2, 26), as {sippe} ({sibbe}),
Goth. {sibja}, _relationship_; {bitten}, later {biten}, Goth. {bidjan},
_to request_; {tretten} (_wv._): {tr[e:]ten} _(sv.), to tread_; {br[u:]cke}
({br[u:]gge}), _bridge_; {ecke} ({egge}), _edge_; {m[u:]cke} ({m[u:]gge}),
_midge_; {r[u:]cke} ({r[u:]gge}), _ridge, back_. {schepfen}, Goth. {skapjan},
_to create_; {hitze}, _heat_: {hei[z]}, _hot_; {netzen}, _to wet_: {na[z]},
_wet_; {setzen}, Goth. {satjan}, _to set_; {sitzen}, _to sit_: pret.
{sa[z]}, p.p. {ges[e:][zz]en}; {decken}, _to cover_: {dach}, _cover_;
{l[u:]cke}, _gap_: {loch}, _hole_. {zellen}, later {zeln}, _to count_:
{zal}, _number_. {vremmen}, later {vremen} (OE. {fremman}), _to perform_.
{henne}, _hen_: {hane}, _cock_.

In MHG. the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through the
levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant, e.g.
regular forms were: {vremmen}, _to perform_, sing. {vremme}, {vremes(t),
vremet}, pl. {vremmen}, {vremmet}, {vremment}, pret. {vremete}, p.p.
{gevremet}, then the stem-form with single {m} was levelled out into all
the forms, and similarly with many other verbs, as {denen}, _to
stretch_; {seln}, _to hand over_; {weln}, _to choose_; {wenen}, _to
accustom_; {legen} beside {lecken} ({leggen}), _to lay_; and the strong
verbs {biten}, _to beg_; {ligen} beside {licken (liggen)}, _to lie
down_.

Sec. 32.

Double consonants were simplified:--

1. When they became final, as {boc}, _buck_, {kus}, _kiss_, {man},
_man_, {schif}, _ship_, {stum}, _dumb_, {v[e:]l}, _hide_, beside gen.
{bockes}, {kusses}, {mannes}, {schiffes}, {stummes}, {v[e:]lles}; pret.
{ma[z]}, {ran}, {traf}, beside {m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure