ninc},
penny. And similarly with dental {n}, as {senede} beside {senende},
_longing, yearning_.

Sec. 30.

Strong verbs, which have a medial {v} ({f}), {d, h, s} in the present,
have respectively {b, t, g} ({ng}), {r} in the second person sing. pret.
indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the pret. subjunctive and
the past participle. This interchange of consonants is called Verner's
Law, see OHG. Primer, Secs. 72, 87:--

INF. PRET. PL. P.P.
v(f)--b. heven, _to raise_ huoben gehaben.
d--t. m[i]den, _to avoid_ miten gemiten.
sn[i]den, _to cut_ sniten gesniten.
h--g. d[i]hen, _to thrive_ digen gedigen.
ziehen, _to draw_ zugen gezogen.
slahen, _to strike_ sluogen geslagen.
h--ng (Sec. 29). h[a]hen, _to hang_ hiengen gehangen.
v[a]hen, _to catch_ viengen gevangen.
s--r. r[i]sen, _to fall_ rirn gerirn.
kiesen, _to choose_ kurn gekorn.

This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG. owing to levelling having
taken place with the infinitive, present indicative and preterite
singular, as {risen}, {gerisen} beside {rirn}, {gerirn}.

The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and their
corresponding causative weak verbs, as {l[i]den}, _to go_: {leiten}, _to
lead_; {h[a]hen}, _to hang_: {hengen}, _to hang_ (trans.); {ge-n[e:]sen}, _to
be saved_: {nern}, _to save_; and in nouns, &c., as {hof} (gen.
{hoves}), _court_: {h[u:]besch}, _courtly_; {t[o]t} (gen. {t[o]des}), _death_:
{t[o]t} (gen. {t[o]tes}), _dead_; {sw[e:]her}, _father-in-law_: {swiger},
_mother-in-law_; {hase}: English {hare}.

Sec. 31.

The doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules
partly in prim. Germanic and partly in prim. West Germanic, see the
Author's Hist. Germ. Grammar, Secs. 202, 213-14. Examples of words which had
double consonants in prim. Germanic are: {kopf}, head; {napf} (OE.
{hn[ae]p}, gen. {hn[ae]ppes}), _basin_; {boc} (OE. {bucca}), _buck_, gen.
{bockes}; {rinnen}, _to run_; {swimmen}, _to swim_; {vol} (gen.
{volles}), _full_; {v[e:]rre}, _far_; {gewisser}, _certain_.

The chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim. West Germanic
were:--

1. The assimilation of {[bh]n, [zh]n, pn} to {bb, gg, pp} = MHG. {pp, ck (gg),
pf}, as {knappe}: {knabe}, _boy_; {ra