_, {rinnen}, _to run_,
{tr[e:]ffen}, _to hit_.

2. Before other consonants, as pret. {dacte (dahte), nante (nande),
kuste}, beside {decken}, _to cover_, {nennen}, _to name_, {k[u:]ssen}, _to
kiss_.

3. After consonants, as pret. {sante} ({sande}) from {*santte}, {wante}
({wande}) from {*wantte}, beside {senden}, _to send_, {wenden}, _to
turn_.

4. After long vowels and diphthongs, as pret. sing. {leite} from
{*leitte}, pret. pl. {m[a][z]en}, {tr[a]fen}, {vielen}, beside {leiten},
_to lead_, {m[e:][zz]en}, _to measure_, {tr[e:]ffen}, _to hit_, {vallen},
_to fall_. This simplification of double consonants took place during the
OHG. period, as {sl[a]fan}, _to sleep_, {hei[z]an}, _to call_, {loufan},
_to run_, {zeichan}, _token_, beside older OHG. {sl[a]ffan}, {hei[zz]an},
{louffan}, {zeihhan}.

Sec. 33.

In MHG. the lenes {b, d, g} became the fortes {p, t, c (k)} when they
ended a syllable, that is when they came to stand finally, or medially
before a voiceless consonant. Traces of this law existed already in OHG.
The interchange between the lenes and fortes includes two independent
processes, viz. the change of the medial lenes {b, d, g} to the final
fortes {p, t, k}, and the change of the final {f, s} to the medial
intervocalic lenes {v} and to what is written {s} (cp. also NHG.
{lesen}, {las}). It must be noted that in MHG. the interchanging pairs
of consonants were all voiceless and that the difference merely
consisted in the intensity or force with which the sounds were produced.
This is quite different from NHG. where the interchange is between
voiced and voiceless sounds except in the case of {f} which is voiceless
in all positions in native words. Examples are: {g[e:]ben}, _to give_,
{gelouben}, _to believe_, {w[e:]rben}, _to turn_, beside pret. {gap},
{geloupte}, {warp}; gen. {l[i]bes}, {lambes}, beside nom. {l[i]p}, _life_,
{lamp}, _lamb_. {binden}, _to bind_, {w[e:]rden}, _to become_, beside pret.
{bant}, {wart}; gen. {kindes}, {t[o]des}, beside nom. {kint}, _child_,
{t[o]t}, _death_. {biegen}, _to bend_, {singen}, _to sing_, {zeigen}, _to
show_, beside pret. {bouc}, {sanc}, {zeicte}; gen. {tages}, {b[e:]rges},
beside nom. {tac}, _day_, {b[e:]rc}, _mountain_. {n[e:]ve}, _nephew_, beside
{niftel}, _niece_; gen. {hoves}, {brieves}, beside nom. {hof}, _court_,
{brief}, _letter_. {kiesen}, _to choose_, {l[e:]sen}, _to gather_, {l[oe]sen},
_to loose_, beside pret. {k[o]s}, {las}, {l[o]ste}; pl. {hiuser}, besi