is merely orthographical, and
does not represent a difference in pronunciation. Both pairs were used
to express the lenes medially between vowels. For other examples see
Sec. 31.

Sec. 27.

The summary of the consonantal changes in Secs. 23-6 may be expressed as
follows:--

WEST GERMANIC. MHG.
p; t; k; [th] = ff (f), pf; [zz] ([z]), z; ch; d.
pp; tt; kk; [th][th] = pf; tz (z); ck; tt.
b ([bh]); d; g ([zh]) = b; t; g.
bb; dd; gg = pp (bb); tt; ck (gg).

Sec. 28.

The following sound-changes took place in primitive Germanic:--Every
labial + {t} became {ft}; every guttural + {t} became {ht}; every dental
+ {t} became {ss}, which was simplified to {s} after long vowels. This
explains the frequent interchange in MHG. between {pf, b} and {f};
between {k, g} and {h}; and between {[zz], [z]} and {ss, s} in forms which
are etymologically related.

{pf}, {b}--{f}. {schepfen}, _to create_: {geschaft}, _creature_;
{g[e:]ben}, _to give_: {gift}, _gift_; {w[e:]ben}, _to weave_: English {weft}.

{k}, {g}--{h}. {w[u:]rken}, _to work_: pret. {worhte}; {denken}, _to
think_: pret. {d[a]hte}; {mugen} ({m[u:]gen}), _to be able_: pret. {mohte};
{bringen}, _to bring_: pret. {br[a]hte}.

{[zz]}, {[z]}--{ss}, {s}. {gie[z]en}, _to pour_: {g[u:]sse}, _inundation_;
{wi[zz]en}, _to know_: pret. {wisse (wiste): w[i]s}, _wise_; {muo[z]}, _must_:
pret. {muose} ({muoste}); {[e:][zz]en}, _to eat_: {[a]s}, _carrion_. Preterites
like {wiste}, {muoste} were formed after the analogy of preterites like
{worhte}, {d[a]hte}, where the {t} was regular.

Sec. 29.

The guttural nasal {[ng]} (written n) only occurred in the combinations
{nk} ({nc}) and {ng}. It disappeared before {h} (= prim. Germanic {[ch]})
in primitive Germanic with lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as
{v[a]hen} from prim. Germanic {*fa[ng][ch]anan}, _to seize, catch_, beside p.p.
{gevangen}; and similarly {h[a]hen}, _to hang_, p.p. {gehangen}; pret.
{br[a]hte}, {d[a]hte}, {d[u]hte}, beside {bringen}, _to bring_, {denken}, _to
think_, {dunken}, _to seem_.

The guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when preceded
by an {n} in a stressed syllable in the course of the OHG. and MHG.
period, as OHG. {honag}, MHG. {honec}, beside OHG. {honang}, _honey_;
OHG. {kunig}, MHG. {k[u:]nec}, beside OHG. {kuning}, _king_; OHG.
{pfennig}, MHG. {pfennic}, beside OHG. {pfenning}, MHG. {pfen