n (= [ng])

Liquids l, ll; r, rr

Semi-vowels w, j (palatal)

To the above must be added the aspirate {h} and the affricatae (i.e. an
explosive + a homorganic spirant) {z} (i.e. {ts}) and {pf} ({ph}).

2. CONSONANT CHANGES.

Sec. 22.

The most characteristic difference between High German and the other
West Germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants {p, t, k,
[th]}; {pp, tt, kk, [th][th]}; {b ([bh]), d, g ([zh])}; {bb, dd, gg}
underwent partly in the prehistoric and partly in the historic period of
Old High German. In the following treatment of what is generally called
the High German sound-shifting only such points are considered as are of
importance for the purposes of this book. See Old High German Primer,
Secs. 82-6.

Sec. 23.

The voiceless explosives p, t, k underwent a two-fold treatment
according to their position in the word: (1) Medially or finally after
vowels; (2) Initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n,
r), and when doubled.

NOTE.--p, t, k remained unshifted in the combinations sp,
st, sk as also t in the combinations tr, ht, ft.

1. Single p, t, k were shifted to the voiceless double spirants ff, [zz],
hh (also written ch) = MHG. ff (f), [zz] ([z]), ch.

p > ff. OE. {open}, OHG. {offan}, MHG. {offen}, _open_; OE. {sl[-ae]pan},
OHG. {sl[a]ffan}, MHG. {sl[a]fen}, _to sleep_; OE. {[u]p}, OHG. MHG. {[u]f},
_up_.

t > [zz]. OE. {etan}, OHG. {[e:][zz]an}, MHG. {[e:][zz]en}, _to eat_;
OE. {h[a]tan}, OHG. {hei[zz]an}, MHG. {hei[z]en}, _to call_; OE.
{hw[ae]t}, OHG. {hwa[z]}, MHG. {wa[z]}, _what_. In a few cases the {[z],
[zz]} became {s} in MHG. before {t} or {st}, as pret. {saste} from
{sa[z]te}: {setzen}, _to set_; {beste}, _best_, {leste}, _last_ = OHG.
{be[zz]isto}, {le[zz]isto}.

k > hh. OE. {ic}, OHG. {ih}, MHG. {ich}, _I_; OE. {sprecan} ({specan}),
OHG. {spr[e:]hhan}, MHG. {spr[e:]chen}, _to speak_; OE. {t[a]cen}, OHG.
{zeihhan}, MHG. {zeichen}, _token_. This {ch} must not be confused with
the MHG. {h, ch} which corresponded to Indo-Germanic {k} (= Germanic
{h}), as {ziehen}, _to draw, lead_, pret. {z[o]ch}, cp. Lat. {d[u]c[o]}, _I
lead_, see Sec. 34.

The double consonants were simplified in OHG. and MHG. according to Sec. 32.

2. {p}, {t} initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n,
r), and when doubled, were shifted to the affricatae {pf} (also written
{ph}), {tz} (generally written {zz} and