en nach der tuerkischen Bearbeitung zum
ersten Male uebersetzt von G. Rosen, Leipzig, 1858, 2 vols.

[33] The preservation of the frame of the _Cukasaptati_ in Italian
popular tales is only paralleled, to our knowledge, by the preservation
of the _Seven Wise Masters_ in a Magyar popular tale. See _La Tradizione
dei Sette Savi nelle Novelline magiare_. Lettera al Prof. A. D'Ancona di
E. Teza, Bologna, 1864.

It is possible that the Italian stories containing the frame of the
_Cukasaptati_ may have been developed from the story in the _Seven Wise
Masters_ which is found in both the Oriental and Occidental versions.
The spirit of Folk-tales seems to us averse to expansion, and that
condensation is the rule. We think it more likely that it was by way of
oral tradition, or from some now lost collection of Oriental tales once
known in Italy.

[34] It is in the work by Teza mentioned in the last note, p. 52.

[35] See Pitre, vol. I. p. 23. The three stories in one are called
_Donna Viulanti_ (Palermo) and _Lu Frati e lu Soru_ (Salaparuta).

[36] See Chapter I. note 7.

[37] The Italian versions are: Pitre, No. 78, "_Lu Zu Viritati_" ("Uncle
Truth"); Gonz., No. 8, "_Bauer Wahrhaft_" ("Farmer Truth"); _XII. Conti
Pomiglianesi_, p. 1, "_Giuseppe 'A Vereta_" ("Truthful Joseph," the
version translated by us); p. 6, another version from same place and
with same name; and in Straparola, III. 5. References to Oriental
sources maybe found in Koehler's notes to Gonz., No. 8, and Oesterley's
notes to _Gesta Rom._ cap. 111.

* * * * *

In addition to the Oriental elements mentioned in the third chapter,
Stanislao Prato has discovered the story of Nala in a popular tale from
Pitigliano (Tuscany), see S. Prato, _La Leggenda indiana di Nala in una
novella popolare pitiglianese_, Como, 1881. (Extracted from _I Nuovi
Goliardi_.)

CHAPTER IV.

LEGENDS AND GHOST STORIES.

[1] It is the LXXV. novel of the _Testo_ Gualteruzzi (Biagi, p. 108):
_Qui conta come Domeneddio s' accompagno con un giullare_. The Lord once
went in company with a jester. One day the former went to a funeral, and
the latter to a marriage. The Lord called the dead to life again, and
was richly rewarded. He gave the jester some of the money with which he
bought a kid, roasted it and ate the kidneys himself. His companion
asked where they were, and the jester answered that in that country the
kids had none. The next time the Lord w