chere and P. Gauckler, who, having
themselves undertaken excavations, transported their finds to the
Bardo museum, by the help of the public funds at their disposal.

The main authority for the topography and the history of the
excavations is Aug. Audollent's _Carthage romaine_ (Paris, 1901). A
topographical and archaeological map of the site was published under
the direction of Colonel Dolot and with the assistance of Delattre and
Gauckler by the Ministere de l'Instruction Publique in 1907.

_History._--The history of Carthage falls into four periods: (1) from
the foundation to the beginning of the wars with the Sicilian Greeks in
550 B.C.; (2) from 550 to 265, the first year of the Punic Wars; (3) the
Punic Wars to the fall of Carthage in 146 B.C.; (4) the periods of
Roman and Byzantine rule down to the destruction of the city by the
Arabs in A.D. 698.

(1) _Foundation to 550 B.C._--From an extremely remote period Phoenician
sailors had visited the African coast and had had commercial relations
with the Libyan tribes who inhabited the district which forms the modern
Tunis. In the 16th century B.C. the Sidonians already had trading
stations on the coast; with the object of competing with the Tyrian
colony at Utica they established a trading station called Cambe or
Caccabe on the very site afterwards occupied by Carthage. Near
Borj-Jedid unmistakable traces of this early settlement have been found,
though nothing is known of its history. According to the classical
tradition Carthage was founded about 850 B.C. by Tyrian emigrants led by
Elissa or Elissar, the daughter of the Tyrian king Mutton I., fleeing
from the tyranny of her brother Pygmalion. According to the story,
Elissa subsequently received the name of Dido, i.e. "the fugitive."
Cambe welcomed the new arrivals, who bought from the mixed
Libyo-Phoenician peoples of the neighbourhood, tributaries of the Libyan
king Japon, a piece of land on which to build a "new city,"
_Kart-hadshat_, the Greek and Roman forms of the name. The story goes
that Dido, having obtained "as much land as could be contained by the
skin of an ox," proceeded to cut the skin of a slain ox into strips
narrow enough to extend round the whole of the hill, which afterwards
from this episode gained the name of _Byrsa_. This last detail obviously
arose from a mere play on words by which [Greek: Bursa] "hide," "skin,"
is confused with the Phoenician _bosra, borsa_, "citadel," "fortr