ssion;
since _drunk_ may be either a participle _minus_ its termination, or a
praeterite with a participial sense. To say _I have drank_, is to use a
praeterite for a participle. To say _I have drunken_, is to use an
unexceptional form.

In all words with a double form, as _spake_ and _spoke_, _brake_ and
_broke_, _clave_ and _clove_, the participle follows the form in o, as
_spoken_, _broken_, _cloven_. _Spaken_, _braken_, _claven_ are impossible
forms. There are degrees in laxity of language, and to say _the spear is
broke_ is better than to say _the spear is brake_.

s. 348. As a general rule, we find the participle in -en wherever the
praeterite is strong; indeed, the participle in -en may be called the
strong participle, or the participle of the strong conjugation. Still the
two forms do not always coincide. In _mow_, _mowed_, _mown_, _sow_,
_sowed_, _sown_; and several other words, we find the participle strong,
and the praeterite weak. I remember no instances of the converse. This is
only another way of saying that the praeterite has a greater tendency to
pass from strong to weak than the participle.

s. 349. In the Latin language the change from s to r, and _vice vers[^a]_,
is very common. We have the double forms _arbor_ and _arbos_, _honor_ and
_honos_, &c. Of this change we have a few specimens in English. The words
_rear_ and _raise_, as compared with each other, are examples. In
Anglo-Saxon a few words undergo a similar change in the plural number of
the strong praeterites.

Ce['o]se, _I choose_; ce[^a]s, _I chose_; curon, _we chose_; gecoren,
_chosen_.
Forle['o]se, _I lose_; forle['a]s, _I lost_; forluron, _we lost_;
forloren, _lost_.
Hreose, _I rush_; hre['a]s, _I rushed_; hruron, _we rushed_; gehroren,
_rushed_.

This accounts for the participial form _forlorn_, or _lost_, in New High
German _verloren_. In Milton's lines,

---- the piercing air
Burns _frore_, and cold performs the effect of fire,
_Paradise Lost_, b. ii.,

we have a form from the Anglo-Saxon participle _gefroren_ = _frozen_.

s. 350. B. The _participle_ in -D, -T, or -ED.--In the Anglo-Saxon this
participle was declined like the adjective. Like the adjective, it is, in
the present English, undeclined.

In Anglo-Saxon it differed in form from the praeterite, inasmuch as it
ended in -ed, or -t, whereas the praeterite ended in -ode, -de, or -te: as,
_lufod