case--_What is the meaning of the lady's holding up her train?_ Here the
word _holding_ = _the act of holding_.--_Quid est significatio elevationis
pallae de parte foeminae._

2. When participles, they are in apposition or concord, and would, if
inflected, appear in the same case with the substantive, or pronoun,
preceding them--_What is the meaning of the lady holding up her train?_
Here the word _holding_ = _in the act of holding_, and answers to the Latin
_foeminae elevantis_.--_Quid est significatio foeminae elevantis pallam?_

s. 482. The past participle corresponds not with the Greek form [Greek:
tuptomenos], but with the form [Greek: tetummenos]. _I am beaten_ is
essentially a combination, expressive not of present but of past time, just
like the Latin _sum verberatus_. Its Greek equivalent is not [Greek: eimi
tuptomenos] = _I am a man in the act of being beaten_, but [Greek: eimi
tetummenos] = _I am a man who has been beaten_. It is past in respect to
the action, though present in respect to the state brought about by the
action. This essentially past element in the so-called present expression,
_I am beaten_, will be again referred to.

* * * * *

CHAPTER XIX.

ON THE MOODS.

s. 483. The infinitive mood is a noun. The current rule that _when two
verbs come together the latter is placed in the infinitive mood_, means
that one verb can govern another only by converting it into a noun--_I
begin to move_ = _I begin the act of moving_. Verbs, _as verbs_, can only
come together in the way of apposition--_I irritate_, _I beat_, _I talk at
him_, _I call him names_, &c.

s. 484. The construction, however, of English infinitives is two fold. (1.)
Objective. (2.) Gerundial.

When one verb is followed by another without the preposition _to_, the
construction must be considered to have grown out of the objective case, or
from the form in -an.

Such is the case with the following words, and, probably, with others:

I may go, _not_ I may _to_ go.
I might go, -- I might _to_ go.
I can move, -- I can _to_ move.
I could move, -- I could _to_ move.
I will speak, -- I will _to_ speak.
I would speak, -- I would _to_ speak.
I shall wait, -- I shall _to_ wait.
I should wait, -- I should _to_ wait.
Let me go, -- Let me _to_ go.
He let me go, -- He let me _to_ go.
I do speak, -- I do _to_ speak.
I did speak, -- I did _t