s, medicine books, riddle books, almanacs, craftsmen's
proverbs, fabulous travels, prophecies, legends, romances and the like,
hawked about at fairs.

[13] For Stolberg see also vol. i., pp. 376-77.

[14] "Ludwig Tieck": Introductions to "German Romance."

[15] Brentano's fragment "Die Erfindung des Rosenkranzes," begun in 1803,
deals with the Tannhaeuser story.

[16] "Kinder and Hausmaehrchen" (1812-15). "Deutsche Sagen" (1816).
"Deutsche Mythologie" (1835).

[17] See vol. i., pp. 375-76.

[18] "If Cervantes' purpose," says Heine, "was merely to describe the
fools who sought to restore the chivalry of the Middle Ages, . . . then
it is a peculiarly comic irony of accident that the romantic school
should furnish the best translation of a book in which their own folly is
most amusingly ridiculed."

[19] F. Schlegel's declamations against printing and gun powder in his
Vienna lectures of 1810 foretoken Ruskin's philippics against railways
and factories.

[20] See vol. i., pp. 300, 337, 416.

[21] _Vide supra_, p. 88. A. W. Schlegel was in England in 1823. Tieck
met Coleridge in England in 1818, having made his acquaintance in Italy
some ten years before.

[22] Boyesen: "Aspects of the Romantic School."

[23] _Ibid_.

[24] "Ludwig Tieck," in "German Romance."

[25] "German Romance," four vols., Edinburgh.

[26] A. W. Schlegel says that romantic poetry is the representation
(_Darstellung_) of the infinite through symbols.

[27] "Novalis and the Blue Flower."

[28] Carlyle.

[29] Selections from Novalis in an English translation were published at
London in 1891.

CHAPTER V.

The Romantic Movement in France.[1]

French romanticism had aspects of its own which distinguished it from the
English and the German alike. It differed from the former and agreed
with the latter in being organised. In France, as in Germany, there was
a romantic school, whose members were united by common literary
principles and by personal association. There were sharply defined and
hostile factions of classics and romantics, with party cries, watchwords,
and shibboleths; a propaganda carried on and a polemic waged in
pamphlets, prefaces, and critical journals. Above all there was a
leader. Walter Scott was the great romancer of Europe, but he was never
the head of a school in his own country in the sense in which Victor Hugo
was in France, or even in the sense in which the Schlegels were in
Germany. Scott had i